Neuromuscular Rehabilitation of the Brachioradialis Muscle after Distal Radius Fracture in Two Professional Soccer Players Using Electromyographic Biofeedback
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
Measurements and Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Variance Components
Generalizability Analysis
3.2. Differences in Maximum and Mean Values between Trials with BF and Trials without BF
3.3. Differences in Electromyographic Activity between Session 1 and Session 8
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Day | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Session | (T) | (R) | (T) | (R) | (T) | (R) | (T) | (R) | (T) | (R) | (T) | (R) | (T) | (R) | (T) |
10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | ||||||||
trials | trials | trials | trials | trials | trials | trials | final trials | ||||||||
baseline | a/b/c | a/b/c | a/b/c | a/b/c | a/b/c | a/b/c |
Model z = Means-EMG | Sources of Variation | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F | Pr < F | % |
(p) | 99,005.04 | 1 | 99,005.04 | 157.26 | <0.0001 | 19.62 | |
(f) | 192,112.50 | 2 | 96,056.25 | 152.57 | <0.0001 | 31.91 | |
(p)(f) | 27,258.95 | 2 | 13,629.47 | 21.65 | <0.0001 | 10.48 | |
(s) | 118,500.80 | 5 | 23,700.16 | 37.64 | <0.0001 | 11.14 | |
(p)(s) | 46,684.39 | 4 | 11,671.10 | 18.54 | <0.0001 | 14.34 | |
(f)(s) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
(p)(f)(s) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
(e) | 50,256.65 | 9 | 5584.07 | 8.87 | <0.0001 | 5.54 | |
(p)(e) | 6982.46 | 9 | 775.83 | 1.23 | 0.2828 | 1.21 | |
(f)(e) | 11,859.62 | 10 | 1185.96 | 1.88 | 0.0549 | 1.88 | |
(p)(f)(e) | 3159.98 | 10 | 315.99 | 0.50 | 0.8855 | 1.36 | |
(s)(e) | 8340.64 | 5 | 1668.12 | 2.65 | 0.0266 | 0.41 | |
(p)(s)(e) | 5965.22 | 4 | 1491.30 | 2.37 | 0.0570 | 2.06 | |
(f)(s)(e) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
(p)(f)(s)(s)(e) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Model y = Maximums-EMG | (p) | 206,481.35 | 1 | 206,481.35 | 208.35 | <0.0001 | 26.83 |
(f) | 234,004.41 | 2 | 117,002.20 | 118.06 | <0.0001 | 24.17 | |
(p)(f) | 15,756.65 | 2 | 7878.33 | 7.95 | 0.0006 | 3.35 | |
(s) | 201,490.42 | 5 | 40,298.08 | 40.66 | <0.0001 | 10.34 | |
(p)(s) | 84,059.18 | 4 | 21,014.79 | 21.21 | <0.0001 | 14.94 | |
(f)(s) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0. | |
(p)(f)(s) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
(e) | 164,282.93 | 9 | 18,253.65 | 18.42 | <0.0001 | 10.74 | |
(p)(e) | 21,378.09 | 9 | 2375.34 | 2.40 | 0.0161 | 2.82 | |
(f)(e) | 26,392.10 | 10 | 2639.21 | 2.66 | 0.0060 | 2.44 | |
(p)(f)(e) | 6745.96 | 10 | 674.59 | 0.68 | 0.7403 | 1.67 | |
(s)(e) | 21,928.59 | 5 | 4385.72 | 4.43 | 0.0010 | 1.69 | |
(p)(s)(e) | 4913.24 | 4 | 1228.31 | 1.24 | 0.2985 | 0.97 | |
(f)(s)(e) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
(p)(f)(s)(s)(e) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Face | Levels | Size Universe | Description | Variance | Model Generalizability | G Relative | G Absolute |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(p) | 2 | INF | participants | 26.832 | (f) (s) (e)/(p) | 0.806 | 0.661 |
(f) | 3 | INF | phases | 24.170 | (s) (e) (p)/(f) | 0.965 | 0.866 |
(s) | 6 | INF | session | 10.340 | (p) (f) (e)/(s) | 0.961 | 0.939 |
(e) | 10 | INF | test | 10.745 | (p) (f) (s)/(e) | 0.988 | 0.975 |
Face | Levels | Size Universe | Description | Variance | Model Generalizability | G Relative | G Absolute |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(p) | 2 | INF | participants | 19.624 | (f) (s) (e)/(p) | 0.776 | 0.675 |
(f) | 3 | INF | phases | 31.918 | (s) (e) (p)/(f) | 0.922 | 0.781 |
(s) | 6 | INF | session | 11.148 | (p) (f) (e)/(s) | 0.963 | 0.939 |
(e) | 10 | INF | test | 5.547 | (p) (f) (s)/(e) | 0.992 | 0.986 |
Electromyographic Activity (µV) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Values | Testing | M | SD | S | K | S-W |
Maximums | Without biofeedback | 158.53 | 48.97 | 1.61 | 2.98 | 0.85 *** |
With biofeedback | 227.80 | 82.86 | 1.44 | 2.01 | 0.86 *** | |
Mean | Without biofeedback | 103.67 | 38.69 | 0.72 | 1.14 | 0.93 ** |
With biofeedback | 144.58 | 59.36 | 2.57 | 2.21 | 0.70 *** |
Electromyographic Activity (µV) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Values | Session | M | SD | S | K | S-W |
Maximums | 1 | 99.62 | 21.18 | −0.48 | −0.97 | 0.92 |
8 | 247.24 | 71.66 | 0.55 | −1.10 | 0.93 | |
Mean | 1 | 48.85 | 10.27 | 0.12 | −1.04 | 0.95 |
8 | 186.63 | 58.35 | 0.24 | −1.51 | 0.91 |
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Morales-Sánchez, V.; Reigal, R.E.; García-Morales, V.; Hernández-Mendo, A.; Falcó, C. Neuromuscular Rehabilitation of the Brachioradialis Muscle after Distal Radius Fracture in Two Professional Soccer Players Using Electromyographic Biofeedback. Muscles 2024, 3, 16-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles3010003
Morales-Sánchez V, Reigal RE, García-Morales V, Hernández-Mendo A, Falcó C. Neuromuscular Rehabilitation of the Brachioradialis Muscle after Distal Radius Fracture in Two Professional Soccer Players Using Electromyographic Biofeedback. Muscles. 2024; 3(1):16-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles3010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorales-Sánchez, Verónica, Rafael E. Reigal, Verónica García-Morales, Antonio Hernández-Mendo, and Coral Falcó. 2024. "Neuromuscular Rehabilitation of the Brachioradialis Muscle after Distal Radius Fracture in Two Professional Soccer Players Using Electromyographic Biofeedback" Muscles 3, no. 1: 16-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles3010003