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International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy is published by MDPI from Volume 51 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with the previous journal publisher.
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Review

The Long Face Syndrome and Impairment of the Nasopharyngeal Airway

by
Luc P.M. Tourne
Department of TMJ and Craniofacial Pain, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 6-320 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Int. J. Orofac. Myol. Myofunct. Ther. 1990, 16(3), 2-10; https://doi.org/10.52010/ijom.1990.16.3.1
Submission received: 1 November 1990 / Revised: 1 November 1990 / Accepted: 1 November 1990 / Published: 1 November 1990

Abstract

Experimental evidence suggests that altered muscular function can influence craniofacial morphology. The switch from a nasal to an oronasal breathing pattern includes functional adaptations that include an increase in total anterior face height and vertical development of the lower anterior face. While some animal studies have suggested predictable growth pat­terns may occur, studies in human subjects have been much more controversial. Therefore, individual variations in response should be expected from the alteration of a long face syndrome patient's breathing mode.
Keywords: airway; lower anterior face height; long face syndrome airway; lower anterior face height; long face syndrome

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tourne, L.P.M. The Long Face Syndrome and Impairment of the Nasopharyngeal Airway. Int. J. Orofac. Myol. Myofunct. Ther. 1990, 16, 2-10. https://doi.org/10.52010/ijom.1990.16.3.1

AMA Style

Tourne LPM. The Long Face Syndrome and Impairment of the Nasopharyngeal Airway. International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy. 1990; 16(3):2-10. https://doi.org/10.52010/ijom.1990.16.3.1

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tourne, Luc P.M. 1990. "The Long Face Syndrome and Impairment of the Nasopharyngeal Airway" International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy 16, no. 3: 2-10. https://doi.org/10.52010/ijom.1990.16.3.1

APA Style

Tourne, L. P. M. (1990). The Long Face Syndrome and Impairment of the Nasopharyngeal Airway. International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy, 16(3), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.52010/ijom.1990.16.3.1

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