Probiotic Regulation to Modulate Aging Gut and Brain Health: A Concise Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of Actions of Probiotics
3. Gut Health Modulation by Probiotics
4. Probiotics as Anti-Aging Agents in Relation to the Gut-Brain Axis
5. Prospects and Developments
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Probiotic(s) | Animal Model | Effects on Host | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus fermentum | Weanling Mice | Gut health modulation | Increased mRNA expression of claudin-1 and MUC-2 in intestinal epithelial cells. | [23] |
Lactobacillus paracasei | Old mice | Gut health modulation | Improved mucin production, decreased leaky gut and inflammation. | [29] |
Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Healthy volunteers | Gut health modulation | Decreased Firmicutes abundance, the overall reduction of potentially harmful bacteria, and an increase in beneficial bacteria. | [56] |
5 Lactobacillus and 5 Enterococcus strains (Coaktail-Human originated) | Older mice | Gut health modulation | Increased the beneficial commensals in older HFD mice and decreased the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, while increasing the anti-inflammatory markers, such as IL-10 and TGF-β expression in the colon tissues. Improved the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins such as Zo1 and Ocln in the intestinal tissues. | [59] |
Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus salivarius | Broiler chicken | Gut health modulation | Improved the villus height and villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio improved the gut morphometric parameters and absorption capacity. | [55] |
Lactobacilli strains | D-Galactose senescence-induced aging rats | Gut health modulation | Reduced Bacteroides, increased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. | [57] |
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis | Mouse pre-weaned pups | Gut health modulation | Supported intestinal epithelial-cell differentiation, reduced loss of mucin, protected the intestinal integrity and barrier function, and reduced serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. | [65] |
Probiotic(s) | Animal Model | Effects on Host | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus brevis | Aged mice | Anti-aging | Suppressed the expression of senescence markers p16, p53, and SAMHD1 and restored expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and doublecortin in aged mice. | [5] |
Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium animalis | D-Galactose-treated mice | Anti-aging | Improved the anxiety-like behavior, uncoordinated movement, cognitive decline, and hippocampus senescence; ameliorate age-related cognitive degeneration by inhibiting NF-κB/TLR4-induced-neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. | [11] |
Lactobacillus paracasei | Old mice | Anti-aging | Improved physical and cognitive functions, modulating the TLR-2/p38-MAPK/NF-kB pathway, which may reduce age-related leaky gut and inflammation. | [29] |
Lactobacillus fermentum | C. elegans | Anti-aging | Improved pumping rate, lipofuscin accumulation, and body bending. | [84] |
Lactobacillus plantarum | D-Galactose-treated mice | Anti-aging | Reduced abnormal activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Reduced expressions of several antioxidant genes, such as glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1. | [86] |
Lactobacillus paracasei | Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice | Anti-aging | Reduced senescence and low-serious anxiety-like behaviors and memory impairment and enhanced the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). | [87] |
Lactobacillus fermentum | D-Galactose induced aging rats | Anti-aging | Improved expression of SOD in bone and muscle, increased AMPK-α2 expression, and reduced the expression of IL-6 and TRAP in tibia. | [88] |
B. bifidum BGN4 and B. longum BORI | Older adults | Brain health (gut–brain axis) | Alleviated stress and improved mental flexibility in older adults, along with modulating gut microbiota. | [89] |
L. acidophilus, L. casei, B. bifidum, and L. fermentum | Alzheimer’s disease AD (60–95 years age) | Brain health | Findings of the study suggested that the probiotic-treated group had shown considerable improvement in Mini-mental state examination score. Overall study concluded that probiotic supplementation for 12 weeks could improve the metabolic status and cognitive functioning in the AD patients. | [90] |
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Samtiya, M.; Puniya, A.K.; Puniya, M.; Shah, N.P.; Dhewa, T.; Vemuri, R. Probiotic Regulation to Modulate Aging Gut and Brain Health: A Concise Review. Bacteria 2022, 1, 250-265. https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria1040019
Samtiya M, Puniya AK, Puniya M, Shah NP, Dhewa T, Vemuri R. Probiotic Regulation to Modulate Aging Gut and Brain Health: A Concise Review. Bacteria. 2022; 1(4):250-265. https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria1040019
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamtiya, Mrinal, Anil Kumar Puniya, Monica Puniya, Nagendra P. Shah, Tejpal Dhewa, and Ravichandra Vemuri. 2022. "Probiotic Regulation to Modulate Aging Gut and Brain Health: A Concise Review" Bacteria 1, no. 4: 250-265. https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria1040019