Potential of Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus BF2P4-5 as a Biofertilizer for the Growth Promotion of Tomato Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Morphological and Biochemical Identification of the Bacterium Strain BF2P4-5
2.2. In Vitro Screening of Strain BF2P4-5 for Potential Plant Beneficial Traits
2.3. Sequencing of 16S rRNA and Phylogenetic Analysis of Strain BF2P4-5
2.4. Physiological Analysis of the Bacterial Strain BF2P4-5
2.5. Validation of BF2P4-5 Strain Inoculation in Tomato Plants under Greenhouse Conditions
2.6. Analysis of Cocopeat Growing Medium
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Isolation of Bacterial Strain BF2P4-5 from Rhizosphere Soil
3.2. Morphological and Biochemical Observation of Bacterial Strain BF2P4-5
3.3. In Vitro Screening of Strain BF2P4-5 for Potential Plant Beneficial Traits
3.4. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, Sequencing, and Phylogenetic Analysis of 16S rRNA
3.5. Physiological Analysis of the Bacterial Strain BF2P4-5
3.6. Analysis of the Cocopeat Growing Medium
3.7. In Plant Tests
3.7.1. Plant Material, Seed Sterilization, and Germination
3.7.2. Inoculation of Solanum lycopersicum with BF2P4-5 Strain
3.7.3. Determination of Plant Phenology and Growth Attributes
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Results | Characteristics | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Colony and Cellular Morphology | Biochemical characteristics | ||
Form | Circular | Oxidase | Positive |
Elevation | Raised | Catalase | Positive |
Margin | Entire | Citrate Utilization | Positive |
Size | Punctiform | Starch Hydrolysis | Positive |
Pigmentation | Cream | Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) | Negative |
Texture | Smooth | Motility | Positive |
Surface | Glistening | Methyl red | Positive |
Opacity | Translucent | Voges–Proskauer (VP.) | Positive |
Gram reaction | Positive | Glucose | Positive |
Cell shape | Staphylococci | Lactose | Negative |
PGPR attributes | Sucrose | Negative | |
Nitrogen-fixing | +++ | Urease | Negative |
Phosphate solubilization | +++ | Nitrate reduction | Positive |
Potassium solubilization | KCL (−), K2SO4 (+), Mica (+), K2PO4 (−) | Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) | Positive |
Bacterial Strain | Accession Number | % Coverage | % Identity |
---|---|---|---|
Pseudarthrobacter equi strain CH-33 | MH712960.1 | 100 | 98.43 |
Pseudarthrobacter equi strain NH21 | MF440330.1 | 100 | 98.43 |
Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus strain WK2 | KX214642.1 | 100 | 98.43 |
Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus strain IITA-TZ101 | OM909352.1 | 100 | 98.43 |
Pseudarthrobacter defluvii strain CNMUM20.6 | MN004832.1 | 100 | 98.03 |
Pseudarthrobacter defluvii strain E182 | MF681873.1 | 100 | 98.04 |
Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans strain HFBPR41 | MW092894.1 | 100 | 98.17 |
Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans strain LMR746 | MW559667.1 | 100 | 98.03 |
Pseudarthrobacter siccitolerans strain SMW-538 | OM568656.1 | 100 | 98.03 |
Pseudarthrobacter siccitolerans strain TRM85691 | OK299065.1 | 100 | 98.03 |
Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens strain AT63 | MZ676045.1 | 100 | 98.03 |
Characteristics | Range of Growth | Optimum Growth |
---|---|---|
pH for growth | 4 to 9 | 7 |
Growth at different NaCl concentrations (%) | 0 to 20 | 15 |
Growth in different temperature ranges (°C) | 20 to 45 | 35 |
Treatments | Number of Leaves/Plants | Leave Length | Leave Diameter | Chlorophyll Content (SPAD Lower Canopy) | Chlorophyll Content (SPAD Mid Canopy) | Chlorophyll Content (SPAD Upper Canopy) | Plant Height at 55 DAS | Stem Length | Stem Girth (5 cm above) | Stem Girth (15 cm above) | LSD | F Value | CV% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NPK + Anna F1 | 8.6 ± 0.5 abcf | 22.1 ± 1.3 bd | 14.8 ± 0.8 dee | 31.5 ± 1.1 abcdc | 36.9 ± 1.4 ab | 37.2 ± 1.9 ab | 44.3 ± 2.8 aa | 24.4 ± 1.9 ad | 0.5 ± 0.03 cfg | 0.4 ± 0.04 cg | 4.11 | 118.6 | 14.6 |
NPK + Eva F1 | 8.0 ± 0.5 cd | 15.5 ± 1.2 cc | 12.8 ± 1.0 ec | 30.0 ± 0.7 bcdb | 34.3 ± 0.3 aba | 34.7 ± 0.9 aa | 32.4 ± 2.3 cab | 14.2 ± 1.1 cc | 0.5 ± 0.03 ce | 0.4 ± 0.05 ce | 2.95 | 173.7 | 12.60 |
NPK + Star9086 | 8.2 ± 0.4 bce | 22.1 ± 1.3 bc | 17.8 ± 0.8 bcd | 33.3 ± 2.1 abb | 35.3 ± 1.3 abab | 37.4 ± 1.1 aa | 37.8 ± 1.5 bca | 19.6 ± 0.7 bcd | 0.6 ± 0.03 bf | 0.5 ± 0.02 bcf | 3.16 | 175.1 | 11.61 |
BF2P4-5 + AnnaF1 | 8.6 ± 0.4 abcf | 23.3 ± 1.2 bd | 16.8 ± 1.1 cde | 32.1 ± 0.9 abcc | 36.9 ± 0.8 ab | 36.7 ± 1.1 ab | 44.6 ± 2.3 aa | 23.2 ± 1.2 ad | 0.7 ± 0.04 ag | 0.6 ± 0.05 abg | 3.13 | 210.6 | 10.94 |
BF2P4-5 + Eva F1 | 9.4 ± 0.3 abf | 27.2 ± 0.8 acd | 19.2 ± 1.1 abe | 29.8 ± 0.9 cdc | 33.7 ± 0.7 bb | 34.4 ± 0.8 abb | 46.1 ± 2.3 aa | 24.6 ± 1.2 ad | 0.6 ± 0.03 abg | 0.5 ± 0.03 abg | 2.93 | 215.9 | 10.18 |
BF2P4-5 + Star9086 | 9.8 ± 0.4 af | 27.8 ± 0.7 ac | 20.3 ± 0.7 ae | 33.8 ± 1.2 ab | 36.2 ± 0.9 abb | 34.3 ± 0.7 abb | 43.4 ± 1.8 aba | 24.1 ± 0.8 ad | 0.6 ± 0.03 abg | 0.6 ± 0.03 ag | 2.49 | 299.1 | 8.43 |
NC + Anna F1 | 5.2 ± 0.5 dd | 8.58 ± 1.2 dc | 7.06 ± 0.5 fcd | 25.9 ± 1.8 dea | 28.6 ± 1.2 ca | 28.5 ± 1.8 ca | 19.0 ± 1.9 db | 9.20 ± 0.7 dc | 0.3 ± 0.03 de | 0.2 ± 0.03 de | 3.26 | 96.99 | 19.27 |
NC + Eva F1 | 6.0 ± 0.3 de | 9.60 ± 0.7 dd | 7.70 ± 0.3 fde | 25.6 ± 0.6 eb | 29.6 ± 1.6 ca | 31.1 ± 0.9 bca | 20.9 ± 1.2 dc | 8.6 ± 0.4 dd | 0.3 ± 0.02 df | 0.2 ± 0.02 df | 2.22 | 230.9 | 12.41 |
NC + Star9086 | 5.0 ± 0.6 dd | 10.6 ± 1.1 dc | 8.60 ± 0.3 fc | 28.1 ± 0.8 ea | 28.6 ± 1.2 ca | 29.1 ± 1.1 ca | 23.0 ± 2.4 db | 8.4 ± 0.6 dc | 0.3 ± 0.03 de | 0.2 ± 0.03 de | 3.04 | 122.5 | 16.77 |
L.S.D (0.05) | 1.209 | 3.086 | 2.238 | 3.504 | 2.977 | 3.509 | 6.039 | 3.016 | 0.093 | 0.103 | |||
F value | 18.04 | 49.67 | 42.64 | 5.94 | 11.49 | 7.60 | 27.69 | 47.48 | 22.26 | 19.7 | |||
p-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
CV% | 12.333 | 12.979 | 12.559 | 9.099 | 6.964 | 8.113 | 13.596 | 13.541 | 14.114 | 20.36 |
Treatment | pH | Electrical Conductivity (EC) (mS/cm) | % Available Nitrogen | Available Phosphorus (mg/kg) | Exchangeable Potassium (meq/100 g) | % Moisture | L.S.D (0.05) | F Value | p-Value | CV% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-treatment | ||||||||||
Fresh Cocopeat media | 7.19 | 0.40 | 0.12 | 3.00 | 0.77 | 27 | ||||
Post-treatment | ||||||||||
Cocopeat + NPK + Anna F1 | 6.16 ± 1.73 acd | 1.33 ± 0.08 bd | 1.21 ± 0.28 ad | 3007.29 ± 8.66 ca | 21.62 ± 1.73 ab | 14.84 ± 5.77 dcb | 13.456 | 78,587.0 | <0.0001 | 1.487 |
Cocopeat + NPK + Eva F1 | 5.96 ± 1.66 ac | 1.83 ± 0.09 ac | 1.39 ± 1.33 ac | 3148.80 ± 6.65 ba | 21.98 ± 1.66 ab | 20.09 ± 5.78 db | 13.456 | 86,091.6 | <0.0001 | 1.418 |
Cocopeat + NPK + Star9086 | 6.28 ± 1.73 ac | 1.89 ± 0.07 ac | 1.38 ± 0.82 ac | 3279.82 ± 7.66 aa | 23.13 ± 1.73 ab | 29.72 ± 4.99 dcb | 13.456 | 93,304.1 | <0.0001 | 1.357 |
Cocopeat + BF2P4-5 + Anna F1 | 6.21 ± 1.73 acd | 0.73 ± 0.09 cd | 1.28 ± 0.41 abd | 1763.32 ± 8.68 da | 15.38 ± 1.73 bc | 51.64 ± 5.77 abb | 13.461 | 26,713.9 | <0.0001 | 2.469 |
Cocopeat + BF2P4-5 + Eva F1 | 6.07 ± 1.75 adc | 0.53 ± 0.07 dcd | 1.29 ± 0.40 abdc | 1220.59 ± 7.68 fa | 14.31 ± 1.75 bc | 62.58 ± 5.87 ab | 13.461 | 12,682.1 | <0.0001 | 3.479 |
Cocopeat + BF2P4-5 + Star9086 | 6.30 ± 1.72 abc | 0.79 ± 0.08 cc | 1.28 ± 0.35 abc | 1371.47 ± 8.68 ea | 16.16 ± 1.72 bb | 15.19 ± 5.67 db | 13.461 | 16,240.9 | <0.0001 | 3.217 |
Negative control + Anna F1 | 6.5 ± 1.74 ac | 0.21 ± 0.09 ec | 0.02 ± 0.01 cc | 711.21 ± 6.98 ia | 0.22 ± 1.74 cc | 20.24 ± 4.77 db | 13.451 | 5490.97 | <0.0001 | 6.094 |
Negative control + Eva F1 | 6.31 ± 1.67 ab | 0.31 ± 0.06 deb | 0.07 ± 0.00 bcb | 797.11 ± 8.66 ha | 0.35 ± 1.76 cb | 13.07 ± 5.78 db | 13.451 | 5490.97 | <0.0001 | 5.524 |
Negative control + Star9086 | 6.06 ± 1.80 ac | 0.28 ± 0.07 dec | 0.02 ± 0.35 bcc | 944.11 ± 7.88 ga | 0.23 ± 1.88 cc | 40.00 ± 5.79 bcb | 13.451 | 7637.63 | <0.0001 | 4.557 |
L.S.D (0.05) | 5.146 | 0.262 | 0.8545 | 25.73 | 5.146 | 17.154 | ||||
F value | 0.01 | 53.50 | 3.91 | 14851.7 | 18.40 | 9.59 | ||||
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
CV% | 48.34 | 16.89 | 66.63 | 0.83 | 21.03 | 33.66 |
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Issifu, M.; Songoro, E.K.; Onguso, J.; Ateka, E.M.; Ngumi, V.W. Potential of Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus BF2P4-5 as a Biofertilizer for the Growth Promotion of Tomato Plants. Bacteria 2022, 1, 191-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria1040015
Issifu M, Songoro EK, Onguso J, Ateka EM, Ngumi VW. Potential of Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus BF2P4-5 as a Biofertilizer for the Growth Promotion of Tomato Plants. Bacteria. 2022; 1(4):191-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria1040015
Chicago/Turabian StyleIssifu, Muazu, Edinah K. Songoro, Justus Onguso, Elijah Miinda Ateka, and Victoria Wambui Ngumi. 2022. "Potential of Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus BF2P4-5 as a Biofertilizer for the Growth Promotion of Tomato Plants" Bacteria 1, no. 4: 191-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria1040015