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Meteorology, Volume 3, Issue 1 (March 2024) – 6 articles

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27 pages, 9997 KiB  
Article
System for Analysis of Wind Collocations (SAWC): A Novel Archive and Collocation Software Application for the Intercomparison of Winds from Multiple Observing Platforms
by Katherine E. Lukens, Kevin Garrett, Kayo Ide, David Santek, Brett Hoover, David Huber, Ross N. Hoffman and Hui Liu
Meteorology 2024, 3(1), 114-140; https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3010006 - 7 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1087
Abstract
Accurate atmospheric 3D wind observations are one of the top priorities for the global scientific community. To address this requirement, and to support researchers’ needs to acquire and analyze wind data from multiple sources, the System for Analysis of Wind Collocations (SAWC) was [...] Read more.
Accurate atmospheric 3D wind observations are one of the top priorities for the global scientific community. To address this requirement, and to support researchers’ needs to acquire and analyze wind data from multiple sources, the System for Analysis of Wind Collocations (SAWC) was jointly developed by NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, UMD/ESSIC/CISESS, and UW-Madison/CIMSS. SAWC encompasses the following: a multi-year archive of global 3D winds observed by Aeolus, sondes, aircraft, stratospheric superpressure balloons, and satellite-derived atmospheric motion vectors, archived and uniformly formatted in netCDF for public consumption; identified pairings between select datasets collocated in space and time; and a downloadable software application developed for users to interactively collocate and statistically compare wind observations based on their research needs. The utility of SAWC is demonstrated by conducting a one-year (September 2019–August 2020) evaluation of Aeolus level-2B (L2B) winds (Baseline 11 L2B processor version). Observations from four archived conventional wind datasets are collocated with Aeolus. The recommended quality controls are applied. Wind comparisons are assessed using the SAWC collocation application. Comparison statistics are stratified by season, geographic region, and Aeolus observing mode. The results highlight the value of SAWC’s capabilities, from product validation through intercomparison studies to the evaluation of data usage in applications and advances in the global Earth observing architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Career Scientists' (ECS) Contributions to Meteorology (2023))
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17 pages, 8923 KiB  
Article
Idealized Simulations of a Supercell Interacting with an Urban Area
by Jason Naylor, Megan E. Berry and Emily G. Gosney
Meteorology 2024, 3(1), 97-113; https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3010005 - 7 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1166
Abstract
Idealized simulations with a cloud-resolving model are conducted to examine the impact of a simplified city on the structure of a supercell thunderstorm. The simplified city is created by enhancing the surface roughness length and/or surface temperature relative to the surroundings. When the [...] Read more.
Idealized simulations with a cloud-resolving model are conducted to examine the impact of a simplified city on the structure of a supercell thunderstorm. The simplified city is created by enhancing the surface roughness length and/or surface temperature relative to the surroundings. When the simplified city is both warmer and has larger surface roughness relative to its surroundings, the supercell that passes over it has a larger updraft helicity (at both midlevels and the surface) and enhanced precipitation and hail downwind of the city, all relative to the control simulation. The storm environment within the city has larger convective available potential energy which helps stimulate stronger low-level updrafts. Storm relative helicity (SRH) is actually reduced over the city, but enhanced in a narrow band on the northern edge of the city. This band of larger SRH is ingested by the primary updraft just prior to passing over the city, corresponding with enhancement to the near-surface mesocyclone. Additional simulations in which the simplified city is altered by removing either the heat island or surface roughness length gradient reveal that the presence of a heat island is most closely associated with enhancements in updraft helicity and low-level updrafts relative to the control simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Numerical Models and Weather Extreme Events)
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14 pages, 4472 KiB  
Article
On the Human Thermal Load in Fog
by Erzsébet Kristóf, Ferenc Ács and Annamária Zsákai
Meteorology 2024, 3(1), 83-96; https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3010004 - 6 Feb 2024
Viewed by 949
Abstract
We characterized the thermal load of a person walking and/or standing in the fog by analyzing the thermal resistance of clothing, rcl, and operative temperature, To. The rcl–To model applies to individuals using weather data. The [...] Read more.
We characterized the thermal load of a person walking and/or standing in the fog by analyzing the thermal resistance of clothing, rcl, and operative temperature, To. The rcl–To model applies to individuals using weather data. The body mass index and basal metabolic flux density values of the person analyzed in this study are 25 kg m−2 and 40 W m−2, respectively. Weather data are taken from the nearest automatic weather station. We observed 146 fog events in the period 2017–2024 in Martonvásár (Hungary’s Great Plain region, Central Europe). The main results are as follows: (1) The rcl and To values were mostly between 2 and 0.5 clo and −4 and 16 °C during fog events, respectively. (2) The largest and smallest rcl and To values were around 2.5 and 0 clo and −7 and 22 °C, respectively. (3) The rcl differences resulting from interpersonal and wind speed variability are comparable, with a maximum value of around 0.5–0.7 clo. (4) Finally, rcl values are significantly different for standing and walking persons. At the very end, we can emphasize that the thermal load of the fog depends noticeably on the person’s activity and anthropometric characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Career Scientists' (ECS) Contributions to Meteorology (2023))
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13 pages, 3171 KiB  
Article
A Wind Field Reconstruction from Numerical Weather Prediction Data Based on a Meteo Particle Model
by Edoardo Bucchignani
Meteorology 2024, 3(1), 70-82; https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3010003 - 29 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1157
Abstract
In the present work, a methodology for wind field reconstruction based on the Meteo Particle model (MPM) from numerical weather prediction (NWP) data is presented. The development of specific wind forecast services is a challenging research topic, in particular for what concerns the [...] Read more.
In the present work, a methodology for wind field reconstruction based on the Meteo Particle model (MPM) from numerical weather prediction (NWP) data is presented. The development of specific wind forecast services is a challenging research topic, in particular for what concerns the availability of accurate local weather forecasts in highly populated areas. Currently, even if NWP limited area models (LAMs) are run at a spatial resolution of about 1 km, this level of information is not sufficient for many applications; for example, to support drone operation in urban contexts. The coupling of the MPM with the NWP limited area model COSMO has been implemented in such a way that the MPM reads the NWP output over a selected area and provides wind values for the generic point considered for the investigation. The numerical results obtained reveal the good behavior of the method in reproducing the general trend of the wind speed, as also confirmed by the power spectra analysis. The MPM is able to step over the intrinsic limitations of the NWP model in terms of the spatial and temporal resolution, even if the MPM inherits the bias that inevitably affects the COSMO output. Full article
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34 pages, 10447 KiB  
Article
The Impact of the Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Variability on the Dynamical Processes and Ozone Layer in the Arctic Atmosphere
by Andrew R. Jakovlev and Sergei P. Smyshlyaev
Meteorology 2024, 3(1), 36-69; https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3010002 - 22 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 996
Abstract
Tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability, mainly driven by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), influences the atmospheric circulation and hence the transport of heat and chemical species in both the troposphere and stratosphere. This paper uses Met Office, ERA5 and MERRA2 reanalysis data [...] Read more.
Tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability, mainly driven by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), influences the atmospheric circulation and hence the transport of heat and chemical species in both the troposphere and stratosphere. This paper uses Met Office, ERA5 and MERRA2 reanalysis data to examine the impact of SST variability on the dynamics of the polar stratosphere and ozone layer over the period from 1980 to 2020. Particular attention is paid to studying the differences in the influence of different types of ENSO (East Pacific (EP) and Central Pacific (CP)) for the El Niño and La Niña phases. It is shown that during the CP El Niño, the zonal wind weakens more strongly and changes direction more often than during the EP El Niño, and the CP El Niño leads to a more rapid decay of the polar vortex (PV), an increase in stratospheric air temperature and an increase in the concentration and total column ozone than during EP El Niño. For the CP La Niña, the PV is more stable, which often leads to a significant decrease in Arctic ozone. During EP La Niña, powerful sudden stratospheric warming events are often observed, which lead to the destruction of PV and an increase in column ozone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Career Scientists' (ECS) Contributions to Meteorology (2023))
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35 pages, 9464 KiB  
Article
A Data-Driven Study of the Drivers of Stratospheric Circulation via Reduced Order Modeling and Data Assimilation
by Julie Sherman, Christian Sampson, Emmanuel Fleurantin, Zhimin Wu and Christopher K. R. T. Jones
Meteorology 2024, 3(1), 1-35; https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3010001 - 19 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1455
Abstract
Stratospheric dynamics are strongly affected by the absorption/emission of radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere and Rossby waves that propagate upward from the troposphere, perturbing the zonal flow. Reduced order models of stratospheric wave–zonal interactions, which parameterize these effects, have been used to study [...] Read more.
Stratospheric dynamics are strongly affected by the absorption/emission of radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere and Rossby waves that propagate upward from the troposphere, perturbing the zonal flow. Reduced order models of stratospheric wave–zonal interactions, which parameterize these effects, have been used to study interannual variability in stratospheric zonal winds and sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. These models are most sensitive to two main parameters: Λ, forcing the mean radiative zonal wind gradient, and h, a perturbation parameter representing the effect of Rossby waves. We take one such reduced order model with 20 years of ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis data and estimate Λ and h using both a particle filter and an ensemble smoother to investigate if the highly-simplified model can accurately reproduce the averaged reanalysis data and which parameter properties may be required to do so. We find that by allowing additional complexity via an unparameterized Λ(t), the model output can closely match the reanalysis data while maintaining behavior consistent with the dynamical properties of the reduced-order model. Furthermore, our analysis shows physical signatures in the parameter estimates around known SSW events. This work provides a data-driven examination of these important parameters representing fundamental stratospheric processes through the lens and tractability of a reduced order model, shown to be physically representative of the relevant atmospheric dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Career Scientists' (ECS) Contributions to Meteorology (2023))
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