Abstract
The current obesity pandemic and related health complications severely impair the quality of life and significantly increase the burden of health care costs. Obesity causes chronic low-grade inflammation, which may cause chronic metabolic disease and complications and may be accompanied by the activation of the immune system. The activation of the immune system may have a key role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders related to obesity. Adipose tissue disorders cause changes in adipose tissue distribution and function, with significant effects on cytokines, chemokines, hormone expression, and the composition of immune cell populations present in adipose tissue. Diet can influence immune system functioning and inflammatory response modulation. This study aimed to analyze the association between diet inflammatory potential, inflammation, and the innate immune response of people with obesity. In six months, 81 patients with obesity were monitored during energy-restricted anti-inflammatory diet nutritional intervention (intervention group; IG) and during energy-restricted Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka standard nutrition education protocol (control group; CG). The inflammatory potential of the participant’s diet was assessed with the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®). Both studied groups statistically significantly reduced markers of inflammation, hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α. The innate immunity (proportion of NK, NKT cells, and Tregs) was significantly decreased in the intervention group. Intervention with an anti-inflammatory diet showed the greatest reduction of these parameters in participants with the highest obesity degree. The use of anti-inflammatory dietary components, besides dietary energy restriction, has a significant impact on the improved immune status of people with obesity.
Supplementary Materials
The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/IECN2022-12399/s1.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, G.K.J., I.M.-Š., S.K.M.; methodology, G.K.J., I.M.-Š.; software, G.K.J., I.Š.U., I.M.-Š.; validation, I.M.-Š.; formal analysis, G.K.J., I.M.-Š.; investigation, G.K.J., I.Š.U., I.M.-Š.; resources, I.M.-Š., S.K.M.; data curation, I.M.-Š., S.K.M.; writing—original draft preparation, G.K.J., I.M.-Š., I.Š.U., S.K.M.; writing—review and editing, G.K.J., I.M.-Š., S.K.M.; visualization, G.K.J., I.M.-Š.; supervision, I.M.-Š., S.K.M.; project administration, I.M.-Š., S.K.M.; funding acquisition, I.M.-Š., S.K.M.. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by University of Rijeka, Croatia, grant number Uniri-biomed-18-220 and Uniri-biomed-18-269/1441 And The APC was funded by University of Rijeka, Croatia, grant number Uniri-biomed-18-220, and Uniri-biomed-18-269/1441.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka (Reg. No: 2170-29-02/15-16-4, 31 January 2017).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
The data is available in the extended version published at https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113583 [1].
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Reference
- Kenđel Jovanović, G.; Mrakovcic-Sutic, I.; Pavičić Žeželj, S.; Šuša, B.; Rahelić, D.; Klobučar Majanović, S. The Efficacy of an Energy-Restricted Anti-Inflammatory Diet for the Management of Obesity in Younger Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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