Rooftop PV or Hybrid Systems and Retrofitted Low-E Coated Windows for Energywise and Self-Sustainable School Buildings in Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Motivation for This Research Work
3. Simulation and Optimization of Load Consumption, Power Generation, and Cost Analyses
3.1. Load Consumption without Considering the Effect of Coated Glass
3.1.1. High School
3.1.2. Primary School
or 740 W × 7 h = 5.18 kWh per day
990 W × 7 h = 6.93 kWh per day
Large buildings need 1.89 kWh per day and 49.14 kWh per month
3.2. Load Consumption Considering the Effect of Coated Glass
= (9240 + 20,790 + 6000) watt per day
= 36.030 kWh per day (before coating the glass, the consumption was 42.96 kWh)
3.3. HOMER Pro Simulation, Components, and Obtained Outcomes
3.3.1. Solar Irradiance and Clearness Index
3.3.2. Solar PV Module
3.3.3. Battery
3.3.4. Converter
3.3.5. Generator
3.4. Retrofitted Low-E Coated Windows Features and Energy Savings
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component Name | Power Rating (W) | No. of Rooms (Different Types) for a Typical High School | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small (2 Rooms) | Small (8 Rooms) | Medium (26 Rooms) | Large (3 Rooms) | Toilet (4 Rooms) | ||
Computer | 200 | 5 | ||||
LED Light | 10 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 1 |
Fan | 30 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 6 |
Component Name | Power Rating (W) | Number of Lights | Operation Hours | Total (kW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Light | 10 | 20 | 7 | 1.400 |
Fan | 30 | 18 | 5 | 2.700 |
Total consumption | 4.100 |
Component Name | Power Rating (W) | Number of Lights | Operation Hours | Total (kW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Light | 10 | 27 | 7 | 1.890 |
Fan | 30 | 24 | 5 | 3.600 |
Total consumption | 5.4790 |
Variable | Unit | Values |
---|---|---|
Nominal voltage | V | 12 |
Nominal capacity | kWh | 1 |
Maximum capacity | Ah | 83.4 |
Capacity ratio | - | 0.403 |
Rate constant | 1/hr | 0.827 |
Round trip efficiency | % | 80 |
Maximum charge current | A | 16.7 |
Maximum discharge current | A | 24.3 |
Maximum charge rate | A/Ah | 1 |
Lifetime | Years | 10 |
Throughput | kWh | 800 |
Initial state of charge | % | 100 |
Minimum state of charge | % | 20 |
Variable | Unit | Values | |
---|---|---|---|
Inverter | Lifetime | Year | 15 |
Efficiency | % | 95 | |
Rectifier | Capacity of inverter | % | 100 |
Efficiency | % | 95 |
Variable | Unit | Values |
---|---|---|
Fuel curve intercept | L/hr | 0.838 |
Fuel curve slope | L/hr/kW | 0.236 |
Lifetime | Hours |
School Types | PV (kW) | Generator (kW) | Battery (No.) | Converter (kW) | NPC (USD) | Initial Capital (USD) | O&M (USD/Year) | LCOE (USD) | Payback Period (Year) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High school | 15.4 | 14 | 34 | 10.7 | 66,204 | 40,250 | 2008 | 0.352 | 6.4 |
Primary school (Medium) | 6.6 | 0 | 16 | 1.91 | 20,679 | 13,893 | 524.89 | 0.6328 | NA |
Primary school (small) | 4.37 | 0 | 13 | 1.47 | 12,592 | 8407 | 323.75 | 0.5155 | NA |
Area of the Rooftop (Sq. Ft.) | Number of Panel | Capacity (W) | Power Production (kW/Year) | Grid Supply (kW/Year) | Max. Output kW/h | No. of Converter | Size of Converter (kW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9448 | 157 | 430 | 96,993 | 311 | 47.9 | 2 | 24.10 |
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Nur-E-Alam, M.; Basher, M.K.; Iftekharuzzaman; Mostofa, K.Z.; Islam, M.A.; Haque, A.H.M.A.; Das, N. Rooftop PV or Hybrid Systems and Retrofitted Low-E Coated Windows for Energywise and Self-Sustainable School Buildings in Bangladesh. Solar 2022, 2, 540-558. https://doi.org/10.3390/solar2040032
Nur-E-Alam M, Basher MK, Iftekharuzzaman, Mostofa KZ, Islam MA, Haque AHMA, Das N. Rooftop PV or Hybrid Systems and Retrofitted Low-E Coated Windows for Energywise and Self-Sustainable School Buildings in Bangladesh. Solar. 2022; 2(4):540-558. https://doi.org/10.3390/solar2040032
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur-E-Alam, Mohammad, Mohammad Khairul Basher, Iftekharuzzaman, Kazi Zehad Mostofa, Mohammad Aminul Islam, A. H. M. Ahashanul Haque, and Narottam Das. 2022. "Rooftop PV or Hybrid Systems and Retrofitted Low-E Coated Windows for Energywise and Self-Sustainable School Buildings in Bangladesh" Solar 2, no. 4: 540-558. https://doi.org/10.3390/solar2040032
APA StyleNur-E-Alam, M., Basher, M. K., Iftekharuzzaman, Mostofa, K. Z., Islam, M. A., Haque, A. H. M. A., & Das, N. (2022). Rooftop PV or Hybrid Systems and Retrofitted Low-E Coated Windows for Energywise and Self-Sustainable School Buildings in Bangladesh. Solar, 2(4), 540-558. https://doi.org/10.3390/solar2040032