Previous Article in Journal
Effect of Commercial Diets on Growth and Digestive Physiology in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Aquaculture Journal
Volume 5
Issue 3
10.3390/aquacj5030011
aquacj-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Systematic Review

Exploring the Impact of Selenium Nanoparticles on Growth and Gonadal Development in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by
Ilias Ahmed
1,†,
Mohammad Abu Baker Siddique
1,†,
Shanur Jahedul Hasan
2,
Mohammad Mahfujul Haque
2,
Md. Mahmudul Hasan
2 and
A. K. Shakur Ahammad
1,*
1
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
2
Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Aquac. J. 2025, 5(3), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj5030011
Submission received: 26 May 2025 / Revised: 14 July 2025 / Accepted: 16 July 2025 / Published: 22 July 2025
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Highlights

  • SeNPs supplementation significantly improved SGR (3.97) and FCR (0.81) in L. calcarifer with low heterogeneity.
  • SeNPs supplementation improved gonadosomatic index, sperm quality, fertilization rate, and testosterone levels, while reducing abnormal embryogenesis (p < 0.05).
  • Positive effects are dose-dependent; excessive SeNPs may induce toxicity.
  • Further research is needed to assess SeNPs’ economic viability and environmental sustainability in aquaculture.

Abstract

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), with their high absorption and antioxidant properties, hold promise as feed additives in aquaculture, enhancing growth and reproductive health in fish. This review evaluates how selenium nanoparticles influence growth and reproductive traits in Asian seabass (L. calcarifer). Using the PRISMA approach, we examined the impacts of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the growth performance and gonadal development of Asian seabass (L. calcarifer) by synthesizing findings from the existing literature. Meta-analysis explored that selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) supplementation significantly improved specific growth rate (SGR) (pooled effect size = 3.97; 95% CI: 3.68–4.26) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (pooled effect size = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.75–0.86), with low heterogeneity. Regarding reproductive outcomes, SeNPs enhanced gonadal development, sperm quality, and steroidogenesis. Significant improvements were observed in gonadosomatic index (effect size = 0.5), fertilization rate (0.6), and testosterone levels (0.5), along with a reduction in abnormal embryogenesis (−0.3) (p < 0.05). While an optimal level of SeNPs is effective for enhancing aquaculture performance, excessive use may lead to toxicity; therefore, their economic viability, environmental impact, and sustainability in large-scale aquaculture warrant further investigation. This review provides insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders on the potential of SeNPs in advancing sustainable aquaculture through fish productivity and reproductive performance.

1. Introduction

Asian seabass (L. calcarifer), also known as barramundi, is a commercially significant species native to the Indo-West Pacific, including regions like Southeast Asia, Australia, and Bangladesh [1,2,3]. It is prized in aquaculture for its fast growth rate, adaptability to salinity variations, and high market demand. This species is widely farmed in both small-scale coastal cages and commercial aquaculture systems, playing a significant role in seafood production [4]. However, production is often constrained by nutritional deficiencies, disease outbreaks, and reproductive inefficiencies [5]. Addressing these challenges requires innovative approaches, particularly in nutrition and feed supplementation [6].
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral required for normal fish physiology, influencing growth, immunity, antioxidant defense, and reproduction [7,8]. It is a vital component of selenoproteins like glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which protects cells from oxidative stress [9]. Dietary selenium has been shown to improve feed efficiency, immune response, and reproductive performance in fish, including enhanced sperm motility and gonadal development [10,11]. However, selenium’s efficacy depends on its form. Inorganic types like sodium selenite are poorly absorbed and may accumulate to toxic levels [12], while organic forms such as selenomethionine offer better bioavailability but are still susceptible to metabolic losses [13,14].
Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of SeNPs as a promising alternative. SeNPs offer improved bioavailability, controlled release, and reduced toxicity compared to traditional forms [15,16,17]. Their small size and high surface area enhance absorption and retention in fish tissues [18], while slow release minimizes toxicity risks [19]. SeNPs also provide superior antioxidant activity, protecting against oxidative stress and supporting immunity [20,21]. Studies show that SeNPs supplementation improves growth, reproductive health, and disease resistance in aquaculture species like seabass, tilapia, and carp [22]. Additionally, SeNPs exhibit antimicrobial activity against pathogens such as Vibrio harveyi, a major threat to seabass farming [23].
Despite these benefits, critical gaps remain. Most studies emphasize growth, with limited focus on reproductive aspects in Asian seabass [24]. Optimal dosing to balance benefits and avoid toxicity is still unclear [25], and little is known about SeNPs’ long-term environmental impacts and economic feasibility in commercial operations [20,26]. This review consolidates current evidence on the effects of SeNPs on the growth and gonadal development of Asian seabass, aiming to inform researchers and stakeholders about their potential role in sustainable aquaculture.

2. Materials and Methods

This review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines to ensure methodological rigor. The PRISMA checklists were followed in this systematic review and meta-analysis (Supplementary Table S1) [27]. Prior to data extraction, the review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/QCXFY; Registration No: qcxfy-v1) (accessed on 7 April 2025). The study aimed to systematically evaluate the impact of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the growth and gonadal development of L. calcarifer.

2.1. Data Collection and Extraction

A systematic literature search was conducted using five major databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, to identify relevant studies published between 1993 and 2025. The search focused on the effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the growth and reproductive development of Asian seabass (L. calcarifer). Search terms included combinations of “selenium nanoparticles”, “SeNPs”, “Asian seabass”, “Lates calcarifer”, “growth performance”, “reproductive health”, “oxidative stress”, and “immunomodulation.” To ensure comprehensive retrieval of the relevant literature, four Boolean search queries were applied: (1) a broad search using (“Selenium nanoparticles” OR “SeNPs”) AND (“Asian seabass” OR “Lates calcarifer”) AND (growth OR “gonadal development”) AND aquaculture; (2) a more specific search using (“Selenium nanoparticles” AND “Asian seabass”) AND (“gonadal development” OR “growth”) AND aquaculture; (3) an exclusion filter applying NOT toxicity to remove toxicity-focused studies; and (4) a recent literature filter targeting publications from 2020 to 2025. Following the initial search, 410 records were retrieved. After removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria based on methodological rigor and topical relevance, 122 studies were selected for full-text review. Of these, six studies met the quantitative requirements and were included in the meta-analysis. The overall study selection process is illustrated in the PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 1).

2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Studies were included in this review if they were peer-reviewed experimental investigations assessing the effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the growth and/or reproductive performance of L. calcarifer. Eligible studies were required to have appropriate control groups, clearly described methodologies, and statistical analyses. Only articles published in English with sufficient methodological detail were considered. Studies were excluded if they lacked statistically significant results, had poorly defined experimental designs, or were non-original research such as reviews, meta-analyses, conference abstracts, or other gray literature. Additionally, studies focusing on other fish species were excluded unless a direct comparison with L. calcarifer was provided.

2.3. Risk of Bias and Publication Bias Assessment

The risk of bias across the included studies was evaluated based on study design, quality, sample size, and sex distribution. No significant bias was identified, suggesting a generally robust methodological standard among the selected studies. However, regional differences appeared to contribute to heterogeneity. To further assess publication bias, visual inspection of the forest plot was conducted. The noticeable asymmetry in the plot suggested a potential presence of publication bias or underlying heterogeneity among studies, which may influence the interpretation of the pooled effect sizes.

2.4. Data Calculation and Statistical Analysis

Once relevant studies were identified, data were extracted, including sample size, selenium nanoparticle dosage, duration, and primary outcome variables such as Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The standard error (SE) for each study was calculated using:
SE = SD/√n
where SD is the standard deviation and n is the sample size. The 95% confidence interval (CI) was then computed as:
CI = Effect size ± (1.96 × SE)
Effect sizes were recorded based on mean SGR and FCR values reported in each study. Weights (W) were assigned to each study using the inverse variance method:
W = 1/SE2
This weighting ensures that studies with larger sample sizes and lower SE have greater influence in the final meta-analysis.
Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 statistic:
I2 = ((Q − df)/Q) × 100%
where Q represents Cochran’s heterogeneity statistic, and df is the degrees of freedom. High I2 values indicate significant heterogeneity, requiring subgroup analysis or a random-effects model. A fixed-effects model was used when heterogeneity was low.
A forest plot was generated using the R package ggplot2 (version 3.5.2) in RStudio (version 2024.12.1+563, using R version 4.4.3). Effect sizes were plotted as points with confidence intervals displayed as horizontal lines. The overall pooled effect was represented by a vertical dashed line. Studies with wider confidence intervals indicate greater uncertainty, highlighting potential sources of variability. The effect sizes in this study were calculated based on the difference in means between SeNP-supplemented and control diets, represented by the Mean Difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The interpretation of effect sizes follows established guidelines, listed as follows:
  • Small Effect Size = 0.2 ≤ |d| ≤ 0.5;
  • Medium Effect Size = 0.5 ≤ |d| ≤ 0.8;
  • Large Effect Size = d ≥ 0.8.
These thresholds allow us to interpret the magnitude of the difference between groups in terms of their biological significance. For instance, values near 0 indicate negligible or no effect, while larger values (both positive and negative) indicate stronger biological responses to SeNP supplementation.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Physicochemical Properties and Characterization of Selenium Nanoparticles

Selenium (Se) is mainly sourced as a byproduct of copper refining and is found in sulfide ores. Major producers include Chile, Canada, China, Russia, and the USA. It is used in agriculture for animal feed supplements and soil enrichment, in industry for photovoltaic cells and glass manufacturing, and in health for dietary supplements. Major consumers are China, Japan, the USA, and Europe. Its supply is tied to copper production and poses environmental risks if not managed properly. SeNPs have garnered significant attention in various fields due to their unique properties and potential applications. Typically, SeNPs range in size from 30 nm to 500 nm, with shapes including spherical particles (nano-balls) and nanowires, depending on the synthesis method and conditions. For example, spherical SeNPs, sized between 20 and 50 nm, have been synthesized using solution phase techniques involving Spirulina polysaccharides, highlighting their versatile morphology and reactivity [28]. The stability of SeNPs is crucial for their application. Studies have shown that chitosan–selenium nanoparticles (CTS-SeNPs), with sizes ranging from 80 to 120 nm, can remain stable for 30 to 60 days under specific conditions [29]. This stability is influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of stabilizing agents like chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). A study demonstrated that SeNPs remain stable within a pH range of 6 to 9 and at temperatures between 20 °C and 50 °C [30]. The hydrophobicity and surface charge density of SeNPs are critical to their biological and physicochemical characteristics, affecting solubility, cellular uptake, and biodistribution. Surface charge modification, such as coating SeNPs with biocompatible polymers like chitosan, enhances their stability and bioavailability by preventing agglomeration and maintaining consistent nanoparticle size distribution [31]. Tailoring the hydrophobic nature of SeNPs through specific ligands can further influence their interaction with biological molecules and cellular components, leading to improved bioavailability and targeted delivery essential for biomedical applications [32]. SeNPs have found significant applications in the culinary and pharmaceutical sciences, such as nutritional supplements, fermented beverages, food additives, and bacteriostatic agents, due to their ability to increase the potency and bioavailability of nutrients and exhibit lower toxicity compared to other selenium supplements [33,34]. These nanoparticles also demonstrate increased antioxidant activities, inhibit the growth of food-borne pathogenic bacteria, and improve the stability of food products during processing, thereby extending their shelf life [35,36]. A previous study reported that the molecular weight of chitosan controls the biological and physicochemical properties of selenium, such as hydrophobicity, surface charge density, and crystallinity in chitosan-stabilized SeNPs [31]. Further studies proved that CTS-SeNPs, of 80–120 nm in size, exhibited excellent physicochemical stability after 30 days of storage [29]. Similarly, another study showed that CTS-SeNPs, with a particle size smaller than 180 nm, remained stable for 60 days [37]. Moreover, another study utilized scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and optical microscopy to investigate the effects of pH (6–9) and temperature (20–50 °C) on the structure, shape, and stability of biogenic SeNPs, confirming their robustness under various environmental conditions [30].
The characterization of SeNPs involved several analytical techniques, including UV-spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Zeta sizer. UV-spectrophotometry assessed absorbance across wavelengths from 200 to 800 nm, with results compared against published spectrum peaks and distilled water used as a blank. FTIR analysis identified functional groups present on SeNPs by measuring infrared radiation absorption and transmission, crucial for confirming nanoparticle stability and properties in dried or diluted forms [38,39,40]. DLS, or PCS, determined average nanoparticle size based on Brownian motion in a solvent, providing insights into SeNPs’ dimensions critical for applications in various aquaculture species.

3.2. Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles on Biological Systems

SeNPs interact with biological systems in several beneficial ways, significantly enhancing their bioavailability and potency compared to traditional forms of selenium. Studies have shown that SeNPs exhibit lower toxicity and higher antioxidant activities, making them particularly effective in nutritional supplements and food additives [34,41]. This increased bioavailability is crucial in various applications, as SeNPs can enhance the potency of nutrients and improve overall health benefits. One of the most notable properties of SeNPs is their ability to boost antioxidant defenses, which is essential for reducing oxidative stress in biological systems. This is particularly advantageous in aquaculture, where oxidative stress can have detrimental effects on fish health and growth [32,42]. SeNPs have also been found to possess bacteriostatic properties, inhibiting the growth of food-borne pathogenic bacteria, thereby contributing to the stability and safety of food products [43,44]. In terms of their potential pathways influencing growth and gonadal development in aquaculture species, SeNPs play a critical role in improving nutrient utilization and metabolic efficiency. This leads to enhanced growth performance, as demonstrated in several studies where SeNPs improved the growth rates of fish by promoting better nutrient absorption and utilization [29,31]. Additionally, by enhancing antioxidant defenses, SeNPs protect gonadal tissues from oxidative damage, which is vital for maintaining reproductive health and development [37]. The protective effects of SeNPs against oxidative stress help in preserving the integrity and function of reproductive tissues, thereby potentially improving fertility and reproductive outcomes. Moreover, SeNPs have been shown to increase the resilience of fish to environmental stressors, which further contributes to overall health and improved growth rates [30]. This enhanced stress resistance is crucial for aquaculture species, as it helps them cope with various environmental challenges, leading to better survival and productivity. These multifaceted interactions underline the significant potential of SeNPs to enhance the health, growth, and reproductive performance of aquaculture species, making them a valuable addition to aquaculture practices [35,36].

3.3. Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the Growth Performance of Asian Seabass

Dietary supplementation with micronutrient nanoparticles such as selenium (SeNPs), silver (AgNPs), and zinc oxide (ZnONPs) has been shown to enhance fish productivity and growth [45]. The use of nanosupplements offers several advantages, including improved bioavailability, efficient absorption, and enhanced metabolic activity [46]. Specifically, SeNPs have demonstrated superior bioavailability due to their extremely small particle size, facilitating rapid cellular uptake and utilization in fish [47]. Studies indicate that SeNPs improve fish growth by influencing biochemical markers such as growth hormone levels and total protein content in tissues [8].
SeNPs supplementation has shown positive effects on growth and physiological responses in various fish species, including common carp (Cyprinus carpio), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and rohu (Labeo rohita) [15,18,20,48,49,50]. These nanoparticles are highly stable, catalytically efficient, and are synthesized through the reduction of selenate or selenite, enhancing their ability to upregulate selenoenzymes while reducing toxicity compared to traditional selenium supplements [51,52,53,54,55]. Given these benefits, SeNPs present a promising, environmentally sustainable alternative for improving fish health and growth in aquaculture.
Asian seabass (L. calcarifer) is well-suited for aquaculture due to its high fecundity, rapid growth rate, favorable feed conversion ratio (FCR), and resilience to diverse culture conditions [56]. Key performance indicators such as specific growth rate (SGR) and FCR are essential for assessing efficiency in aquaculture. Studies have shown that dietary SeNP supplementation significantly enhances the growth rate of Asian seabass while also improving disease resistance, particularly against Vibrio harveyi infections [1,23,57].
In controlled feeding trials, Asian seabass fed SeNPs-enriched diets (4 mg/kg) for six weeks exhibited enhanced growth performance. Another study reported that a four-week feeding trial with SeNPs at the same dosage improved both growth and survival rates [23]. Similarly, European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) supplemented with SeNPs (0.5–1 mg/kg) showed enhanced growth and feed efficiency [58]. These findings highlight the dose-dependent effects of SeNPs, with optimal supplementation levels differing between species.
Further investigations into the histomorphological effects of SeNPs on Asian seabass revealed significant improvements in intestinal morphology, including increased villi width and length, a higher number of goblet cells, and enhanced villi branching and integrity. These structural improvements correlate with increased digestive enzyme activity, leading to enhanced feed utilization and metabolic efficiency. Since SeNPs act as precursors for selenoproteins, they contribute to higher protein levels in intestinal villi, further optimizing nutrient absorption. Due to their small size and active surface properties, SeNPs improve feed conversion efficiency even at low dosages, making them a cost-effective nutritional intervention in aquaculture.
While SeNPs offer substantial benefits, their long-term impact on fish health, bioaccumulation in tissues, and potential environmental risks require further investigation. Studies have primarily focused on short-term growth performance, but additional research is necessary to assess the effects of prolonged SeNP exposure on reproductive health, immune function, and ecological sustainability. Given the promising findings, SeNP supplementation at 4 mg/kg for Asian seabass is recommended (Table 1). However, species-specific responses and environmental considerations should be carefully evaluated to ensure sustainable and responsible SeNP application in aquaculture.
Three studies evaluated the effects of SeNPs on the growth performance of Asian seabass (L. calcarifer). The analysis revealed that dietary supplementation with SeNPs positively influenced key growth parameters, including specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The pooled effect size for SGR was 3.97 (95% CI: 3.68–4.26; p < 0.001; Figure 2), while the effect size for FCR was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.75–0.86; p < 0.001; Figure 3). Therefore, these studies were eligible for sensitivity analysis (Supplementary Table S2). The heterogeneity among studies, assessed using the I2 statistic, indicated low variability across the datasets (I2 = 1.2%, p = 0.3633 for FCR; I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.5138 for SGR).

3.4. Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) on Gonadal Development and Reproductive Performance of Asian Seabass

SeNPs have emerged as potent dietary supplements in aquaculture due to their superior bioavailability and strong antioxidative capacity. In Asian seabass (L. calcarifer), SeNP supplementation has demonstrated significant benefits in enhancing reproductive performance, gonadal development, and larval quality [60,61]. As shown in Table 2, broodstock fed SeNP-supplemented diets exhibited improved gonadosomatic index (GSI), spawning frequency, relative fecundity, and fertilization and hatching rates compared to those fed control diets. These outcomes reflect enhanced reproductive potential and successful gametogenesis. At the molecular level, SeNPs were found to upregulate key steroidogenic genes (star, P450scc, 3β-hsd) and vitellogenesis-related genes (vtg, zp2), thereby promoting steroid hormone synthesis and oocyte maturation. Enhanced expression of antioxidant-related genes such as gpx, cat, sod, and gst was also observed, indicating improved oxidative stress management. This molecular response supports the physiological findings of improved gamete quality and reproductive output. Notably, SeNP supplementation reduced abnormal embryogenesis and improved larval morphology, including larger body size and better early development traits (Table 2; Figure 4). SeNPs also modulate reproductive hormone levels. While no significant changes were observed in estradiol or testosterone levels at the serum level, SeNP-fed fish exhibited reduced progesterone levels and upregulated expression of androgen receptor (ar) and steroidogenic enzymes (P450scc) in the testis [62]. This hormonal modulation suggests SeNPs support both male and female reproductive processes by creating a more stable endocrine environment. Additionally, decreased serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the SeNP group point to a metabolic shift favoring reproductive investment [60,62]. Supportive evidence from other marine fish species further strengthens these observations. In European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), selenium supplementation, particularly in nanoparticle form, has been shown to improve sperm viability, reduce lipid peroxidation, and increase glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, ultimately preserving sperm function and enhancing fertility [60,61,62]. Similarly, SeNPs in plant-based diets have been linked to increased selenium deposition in reproductive organs, contributing to better gamete development and reproductive performance [60,61].
Two recent studies, Keyvanshokooh et al. [62] and Khorasaninasab et al. [63], quantitatively assessed the effects of SeNPs on Asian seabass reproduction and were included in a sensitivity analysis (Supplementary Table S3). The meta-analysis showed statistically significant improvements across several reproductive traits. SeNP-fed fish exhibited a + 0.5 unit increase in GSI (95% CI: 0.2–0.8), a + 0.6% increase in fertilization rate (95% CI: 0.3–0.9), and a + 0.5 ng/mL rise in testosterone levels (95% CI: 0.3–0.7), all indicating enhanced gonadal development and reproductive function. Furthermore, abnormal embryogenesis was significantly reduced by −0.3% (95% CI: −0.5 to −0.1), suggesting improved embryonic development and reduced developmental stress. These findings are visually summarized in Figure 4, which illustrates the direction and magnitude of effect sizes across key reproductive and biochemical parameters.
SeNP supplementation significantly improves reproductive performance in Asian seabass by enhancing gonadal maturation, gamete quality, antioxidant status, and steroidogenesis. The integration of SeNPs into broodstock diets holds substantial promise for improving hatchery output, larval viability, and overall broodfish health—key priorities in sustainable aquaculture systems [60,61,62,63].

3.5. Risk of Bias Assessment of Included Studies

The risk of bias across the five selected studies was assessed using six critical domains, including selection bias, selective reporting bias, detection bias, confounding bias, conflict of interest, and attrition bias (Figure 5). All studies [22,23,59,62,63] demonstrated low selection bias, as they clearly described randomization procedures and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Likewise, selective reporting bias was rated low across all studies, indicating complete and transparent reporting of key outcomes. Detection bias was low in most studies, except for Deilamy et al. [22], which was rated as high risk due to insufficient detail on blinding and outcome measurement consistency. Confounding bias was predominantly low, but Deilamy et al. [22] and Keyvanshokooh et al. [62] were rated moderate to high risk, likely due to limited control of dietary or environmental confounders. A moderate risk of conflict of interest was noted in Keyvanshokooh et al. [62] due to unclear financial disclosures. Meanwhile, attrition bias was low in most cases, though Longbaf et al. [23] exhibited moderate risk due to incomplete outcome reporting. The majority of studies demonstrated low to moderate risk of bias, supporting the reliability of findings regarding the effects of SeNPs on growth and reproductive parameters in Asian seabass. However, outcomes from studies with elevated detection or confounding bias should be interpreted with caution.

3.6. Potential Risks and Limitations of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) in Aquaculture

Although there are many advantages to SeNPs for fish growth, immunity, and reproduction, there are also risks and restrictions associated with their use in aquaculture. Careful consideration of these issues is necessary to guarantee safe and sustainable use. The need for consistent dosage recommendations across various fish species, toxicity at higher doses, bioaccumulation hazards, and environmental effects are among the main issues.
Toxicity at higher doses of SeNPs can disrupt metabolic processes and induce oxidative stress instead of providing antioxidant benefits [64,65]. Excessive supplementation may disturb enzyme activity, leading to cellular damage, apoptosis, and organ dysfunction [64,65]. High concentrations of SeNPs have been linked to histopathological changes in vital organs like the liver, kidneys, and gills, affecting overall health and physiological functions [66]. Symptoms of toxicity in fish include reduced feed intake, lethargy, abnormal swimming behavior, and increased mortality, emphasizing the need for species-specific upper limits [67]. For freshwater fish (P. hypophthalmus), concentrations of SeNPs above 2.50 mg/kg are toxic [68]. On the other hand, saltwater fish tend to tolerate higher concentrations, with a growth promotion seen at 4 mg/kg [22,23], but excessive amounts (above 5 mg/kg) can lead to detrimental effects, likely due to bioaccumulation and oxidative stress caused by selenium at higher concentrations [69]. Studies indicate that selenium accumulation in aquatic organisms can be significantly higher than in surrounding water, potentially causing ecotoxicity, including fish larval malformations and embryo mortality in waterfowl [64,65,66,67,69]. Prolonged exposure may also result in deformities, genetic mutations, reproductive impairments, and increased mortality in aquatic species [70]. To address these risks, green synthesis and nanoparticle modifications have been suggested [71], though further research is needed to determine safe exposure levels and minimize environmental impacts.
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification impact arise when excessive selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) accumulate in aquatic environments, leading to potential toxicity in fish and other organisms [72,73]. While balanced SeNP supplementation is beneficial, high concentrations can disrupt physiological processes and induce oxidative stress [74]. Elevated selenium levels result from geological, industrial, and agricultural activities and pose risks at multiple trophic levels [26]. SeNPs can bioaccumulate through gills and intestines [75], producing harmful methyl-selenide compounds that generate oxidative radicals [76]. Additionally, selenium inhibits antioxidant-related thiol proteins, while excessive accumulation in fish tissues, including muscles, liver, and blood, may present health risks to both aquatic species and humans [77].
Challenges in standardizing selenium nanoparticle applications in aquaculture arise due to the absence of standardized dosage recommendations across different fish species. The optimal SeNP concentration varies depending on species, developmental stage, and culture conditions. Since most studies focus on a limited range of species, establishing universally applicable guidelines remains challenging. Additionally, variations in SeNP synthesis methods, particle size, and coating materials significantly influence their bioavailability and effectiveness, further complicating standardization. The lack of clear regulatory frameworks increases the risk of inconsistent application, potentially leading to reduced efficacy or unintended toxicity. While SeNPs offer significant benefits in aquaculture, their use must be carefully managed to prevent toxicity, minimize environmental risks, and ensure species-specific effectiveness. Further research is needed to determine safe and optimal dosages, assess long-term ecological impacts, and develop standardized protocols for responsible SeNP application in fish nutrition and broodstock management.

4. Conclusions

This systematic review and meta-analysis highlight the potential of SeNPs as a valuable feed additive in aquaculture, demonstrating significant improvements in both growth performance and reproductive health of Asian seabass (L. calcarifer). SeNPs supplementation enhances specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), gonadal development, sperm quality, and steroidogenesis, with notable improvements in gonadosomatic index, fertilization rate, and testosterone levels, alongside a reduction in abnormal embryogenesis, which underscores their potential in improving reproductive success. However, the use of SeNPs in aquaculture is not without risks, as excessive supplementation may lead to toxicity, and the long-term environmental and economic sustainability of SeNPs in large-scale aquaculture operations requires further investigation. Future research should focus on determining optimal SeNP dosages, exploring multigenerational effects, and assessing broader environmental and economic impacts. An interdisciplinary approach combining ecotoxicology, molecular biology, and aquaculture economics is essential to ensure a comprehensive understanding of SeNPs’ safety and efficacy. Ultimately, this review highlights the promising role of SeNPs in advancing sustainable aquaculture systems, providing valuable guidance for researchers, policymakers, and industry practitioners aiming to harness the benefits of SeNPs while ensuring their environmental and economic feasibility.

List of Abbreviations

AbbreviationFull Form
SDStandard Deviation
SEStandard Error
MDMean Difference
PRISMAPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
OSFOpen Science Framework
SGRSpecific Growth Rate
FCRFeed Conversion Ratio
CIConfidence Interval
SeNPsSelenium Nanoparticles
CTS-SeNPsChitosan-Selenium Nanoparticles
AgNPsSilver Nanoparticles
ZnONPsZinc Oxide Nanoparticles
GSIGonadosomatic Index

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/aquacj5030011/s1, Table S1. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2009 Checklist; Table S2. Sensitivity analysis of studies included in the meta-analysis, utilizing a forest plot table for Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR); Table S3. Sensitivity analysis of studies included in the meta-analysis based on effect sizes and confidence intervals.

Author Contributions

I.A.: Overall data analysis and presentation and writing the original draft; M.A.B.S.: Overall technical analysis and presentation and writing the original draft; S.J.H.: Editing the draft; M.M.H. (Mohammad Mahfujul Haque): Review and editing the draft; M.M.H. (Md. Mahmudul Hasan): Editing the draft; A.K.S.A.: Concept development, validation, overall supervision and editing the draft. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was conducted under the project titled “Broodstock Development of a Commercially Important Marine Fish, Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer), through Dietary Supplementation of Selenium Nanoparticles under a Cage Culture System”, funded by the Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project (SCMFP) of the Department of Fisheries (DoF), Bangladesh, through the Bangladesh Fisheries Matching Grant Facility (BFMGF), Window 1—Mariculture Applied/Action Research, Technology Innovation, Commercialization, and Production Piloting.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study did not require ethical review and approval, as it is a systematic review and meta-analysis based entirely on previously published data. No new data were collected directly from human participants or animal subjects. Therefore, ethical approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) was not necessary. Moreover, to ensure transparency, reproducibility, and ethical compliance, we prospectively registered the review protocol on the Open Science Framework (OSF) prior to commencing the review process. OSF Registration DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/QCXFY, accessed on 15 July 2025.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors are greatly acknowledged to Department of Fisheries (DoF), Bangladesh for providing fund for the project entitled “Broodstock development of a commercially important marine fish, Asian Seabass (L. calcarifer) through dietary supplementation of Selenium nanoparticle under cage culture system”.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest to anybody or any organization.

References

  1. Ilham, I.; Siddik, M.A.B.; Fotedar, R. Effects of organic selenium supplementation on growth, accumulation, haematology and histopathology of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fed high soybean meal diets. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2016, 174, 436–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Irmawati, I.; Umar, M.T.; Husain, A.A.A.; Malina, A.C.; Kadir, N.N.; Alimuddin, A. Distribution and characteristics of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790) in South Sulawesi. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2020, 564, 012011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Grey, D.L. An overview of Lates calcarifer in Australia and Asia. Manag. Wild Cult. Sea Bass/Barramundi 1987, 20, 15–21. [Google Scholar]
  4. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme, Aquaculture Topics and Activities; FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Rome, Italy, 2016. [Google Scholar]
  5. Siddik, M.A.B.; Islam, M.A.; Hanif, M.A.; Chaklader, M.R.; Kleindienst, R. Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790): A new dimension to fish farming in coastal Bangladesh. J. Aquac. Res. Dev. 2016, 7, 12. [Google Scholar]
  6. Vijayaram, S.; Ghafarifarsani, H.; Vuppala, S.; Nedaei, S.; Mahendran, K.; Murugappan, R.; Chou, C.-C. Selenium nanoparticles: Revolutionizing nutrient enhancement in aquaculture–A review. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2025, 203, 442–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Watanabe, T.; Kiron, V.; Satoh, S. Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture 1997, 151, 185–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Khan, K.U.; Zuberi, A.; Nazir, S.; Fernandes, J.B.K.; Jamil, Z.; Sarwar, H. Effects of dietary selenium nanoparticles on physiological and biochemical aspects of juvenile Tor putitora. Turk. J. Zool. 2016, 40, 704–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Papp, L.V.; Lu, J.; Holmgren, A.; Khanna, K.K. From selenium to selenoproteins: Synthesis, identity, and their role in human health. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2007, 9, 775–806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Imai, H.; Hakkaku, N.; Iwamoto, R.; Suzuki, J.; Suzuki, T.; Tajima, Y.; Konishi, K.; Minami, S.; Ichinose, S.; Ishizaka, K.; et al. Depletion of selenoprotein GPx4 in spermatocytes causes male infertility in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284, 32522–32532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Boitani, C.; Puglisi, R. Selenium, a key element in spermatogenesis and male fertility. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2008, 636, 65–73. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  12. Roman, M.; Jitaru, P.; Barbante, C. Selenium biochemistry and its role for human health. Metallomics 2014, 6, 25–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Labunsky, V.M.; Hatfield, D.L.; Gladyshev, V.N. Selenoproteins: Molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol. Rev. 2014, 94, 739–777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Penglase, S.; Nordgreen, A.; Van der Meeren, T.; Olsvik, P.A.; Sæle, Ø.; Sweetman, J.W.; Baeverfjord, G.; Helland, S.; Hamre, K. Increasing the level of selenium in rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis ‘Cayman’) enhances the mRNA expression and activity of glutathione peroxidase in cod (Gadus morhua L.) larvae. Aquaculture 2010, 306, 259–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Chris, U.O.; Singh, N.B.; Agarwal, A. Nanoparticles as feed supplement on growth behaviour of cultured catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Mater. Today: Proc. 2018, 5, 9076–9081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Rathore, S.S.; Murthy, H.S.; Mamun, M.A.-A.; Nasren, S.; Rakesh, K.; Kumar, B.T.N.; Abhiman, P.B.; Khandagale, A.S. Nano-selenium supplementation to ameliorate nutrition physiology, immune response, antioxidant system and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2021, 199, 3073–3088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Khalil, H.S.; Maulu, S.; Verdegem, M.; Abdel-Tawwab, M. Embracing nanotechnology for selenium application in aquafeeds. Rev. Aquac. 2023, 15, 112–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Ibrahim, M.S.; El-gendy, G.M.; Ahmed, A.I.; Elharoun, E.R.; Hassaan, M.S. Nanoselenium versus bulk selenium as a dietary supplement: Effects on growth, feed efficiency, intestinal histology, haemato-biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings. Aquac. Res. 2021, 52, 5642–5655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Naderi, M.; Keyvanshokooh, S.; Ghaedi, A.; Salati, A.P. Combined or individual effects of dietary vitamin E and selenium nanoparticles on humoral immune status and serum parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under high stocking density. Aquaculture 2017, 474, 40–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Saffari, S.; Keyvanshokooh, S.; Zakeri, M.; Johari, S.A.; Pasha-Zanoosi, H.; Mozanzadeh, M.T. Effects of dietary organic, inorganic, and nanoparticulate selenium sources on growth, hemato-immunological, and serum biochemical parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2018, 44, 1087–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Abd El-Kader, M.F.; Fath El-Bab, A.F.; Abd-Elghany, M.F.; Abdel-Warith, A.-W.A.; Younis, E.M.; Dawood, M.A.O. Selenium nanoparticles act potentially on the growth performance, hemato-biochemical indices, antioxidative, and immune-related genes of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2021, 199, 3126–3134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Deilamy Pour, H.; Mousavi, S.M.; Zakeri, M.; Keyvanshokooh, S.; Kochanian, P. Synergistic effects of selenium and magnesium nanoparticles on growth, digestive enzymes, some serum biochemical parameters and immunity of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer). Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2021, 199, 3102–3111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Longbaf Dezfouli, M.; Ghaedtaheri, A.; Keyvanshokooh, S.; Salati, A.P.; Mousavi, S.M.; Pasha-Zanoosi, H. Combined or individual effects of dietary magnesium and selenium nanoparticles on growth performance, immunity, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant status of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) reared in freshwater. Aquac. Nutr. 2019, 25, 1422–1430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Khademzade, O.; Kochanian, P.; Zakeri, M.; Alavi, S.M.; Mozanzadeh, M.T. Oxidative Stress-Related Semen Quality and Fertility in the Male Arabian Yellowfin Sea Bream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) Fed a Selenium Nanoparticle-Supplemented Plant Protein-Rich Diet. Aquac. Nutr. 2022, 2022, 3979203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Nuttall, K.L. Evaluating selenium poisoning. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2006, 36, 409–420. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  26. Sharma, V.K.; McDonald, T.J.; Sohn, M.; Anquandah, G.A.K.; Pettine, M.; Zboril, R. Assessment of toxicity of selenium and cadmium selenium quantum dots: A review. Chemosphere 2017, 188, 403–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Page, M.J.; McKenzie, J.E.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Akl, E.A.; Brennan, S.E.; et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021, 372, n71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Yang, F.; Tang, Q.; Zhong, X.; Bai, Y.; Chen, T.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Zheng, W. Surface decoration by Spirulina polysaccharide enhances the cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy of selenium nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomed. 2012, 7, 835–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Zhang, C.; Zhai, X.; Zhao, G.; Ren, F.; Leng, X. Synthesis, characterization, and controlled release of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan of different molecular weights. Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 134, 158–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Hageman, S.P.; van der Weijden, R.D.; Stams, A.J.; Buisman, C.J. Bio-production of selenium nanoparticles with diverse physical properties for recovery from water. Int. J. Miner. Process. 2017, 169, 7–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Chen, W.; Li, Y.; Yang, S.; Yue, L.; Jiang, Q.; Xia, W. Synthesis and antioxidant properties of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan-stabilized selenium nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 132, 574–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Xu, X.; Bao, Y.; Wu, B.; Lao, F.; Hu, X.; Wu, J. Chemical analysis and flavor properties of blended orange, carrot, apple, and Chinese jujube juice fermented by selenium-enriched probiotics. Food Chem. 2019, 289, 250–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Hosnedlova, B.; Kepinska, M.; Skalickova, S.; Fernandez, C.; Ruttkay-Nedecky, B.; Peng, Q.; Baron, M.; Melcova, M.; Opatrilova, R.; Zidkova, J.; et al. Nano-selenium and its nanomedicine applications: A critical review. Int. J. Nanomed. 2018, 13, 2107–2128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Liu, Y.; Zeng, S.; Liu, Y.; Wu, W.; Shen, Y.; Zhang, L.; Li, C.; Chen, H.; Liu, A.; Shen, L.; et al. Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of selenium nanoparticles in the presence of polysaccharides from Catathelasma ventricosum. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 114, 632–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Peters, R.J.B.; Bouwmeester, H.; Gottardo, S.; Amenta, V.; Arena, M.; Brandhoff, P.; Marvin, H.J.; Mech, A.; Moniz, F.B.; Pesudo, L.Q.; et al. Nanomaterials for products and application in agriculture, feed, and food. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 54, 155–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Vera, P.; Echegoyen, Y.; Canellas, E.; Nerin, C.; Palomo, M.; Madrid, Y.; Cámara, C. Nano selenium as an antioxidant agent in a multilayer food packaging material. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016, 408, 6659–6670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Yu, B.; Zhang, Y.; Zheng, W.; Fan, C.; Chen, T. Positive surface charge enhances selective cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy of selenium nanoparticles. Inorg. Chem. 2012, 51, 8956–8963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Prasad, K.S.; Patel, H.; Patel, T.; Patel, K.; Selvaraj, K. Biosynthesis of Se nanoparticles and its effect on UV-induced DNA damage. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2013, 103, 261–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Gulmine, J.; Janissek, P.; Heise, H.; Akcelrud, L. Polyethylene characterization by FTIR. Polym. Test. 2002, 21, 557–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Hoo, C.M.; Starostin, N.; West, P.; Mecartney, M.L. A comparison of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods to characterize nanoparticle size distributions. J. Nanopart. Res. 2008, 10, 89–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Hosnedlova, B.; Kepinska, M.; Skalickova, S.; Fernandez, C.; Ruttkay-Nedecky, B.; Malevu, T.D.; Sochor, J.; Baron, M.; Melcova, M.; Zidkova, J.; et al. A summary of new findings on the biological effects of selenium in selected animal species—A critical review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Martínez, F.G.; Cuencas Barrientos, M.E.; Mozzi, F.; Pescuma, M. Survival of selenium-enriched lactic acid bacteria in a fermented drink under storage and simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Res. Int. 2019, 123, 115–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Huang, X.; Chen, X.; Chen, Q.; Yu, Q.; Sun, D.; Liu, J. Investigation of functional selenium nanoparticles as potent antimicrobial agents against superbugs. Acta Biomater. 2016, 30, 397–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Nguyen, T.H.D.; Vardhanabhuti, B.; Lin, M.; Mustapha, A. Antibacterial properties of selenium nanoparticles and their toxicity to Caco-2 cells. Food Control 2017, 77, 17–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Khosravi, S.; Khabbazi, S.; Yoon, G.; Park, G.; Lee, B.; Bai, S.C. Effects of dietary supplementation with selenium, silver, and zinc oxide nanoparticles on the growth performance, meat quality, and immune response in fish. Aquac. Res. 2017, 48, 1236–1247. [Google Scholar]
  46. Vinceti, M.; Filippini, T.; Wise, L.A. Environmental selenium and human health: An update. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 2018, 5, 464–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Fasil, D.M.; Hamdi, H.; Al-Barty, A.; Zaid, A.A.; Parashar, S.K.S.; Das, B. Selenium and zinc oxide multinutrient supplementation enhanced growth performance in zebra fish by modulating oxidative stress and growth-related gene expression. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2021, 9, 721717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Dawood, M.A.; Zommara, M.; Eweedah, N.M.; Helal, A.I.; Aboel-Darag, M.A. The potential role of nano-selenium and vitamin C on the performances of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2020, 27, 9843–9852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Ashouri, S.; Keyvanshokooh, S.; Salati, A.P.; Johari, S.A.; Pasha-Zanoosi, H. Effects of different levels of dietary selenium nanoparticles on growth performance, muscle composition, blood biochemical profiles, and antioxidant status of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture 2015, 446, 25–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Swain, P.; Das, R.; Das, A.; Padhi, S.K.; Das, K.C.; Mishra, S.S. Effects of dietary zinc oxide and selenium nanoparticles on growth performance, immune responses, and enzyme activity in rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton). Aquac. Nutr. 2019, 25, 486–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Zhang, J.; Wang, X.; Xu, T. Elemental selenium at nano size (Nano-Se) as a potential chemopreventive agent with reduced risk of selenium toxicity: Comparison with selenomethionine in mice. Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 2001, 31, 205–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Zhang, J.S.; Gao, X.Y.; Zhang, L.D.; Bao, Y.P. Biological effects of a nano red elemental selenium. Biofactors 2005, 23, 31–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Wang, H.; Zhang, J.; Yu, H.; Wu, Z.; Zhang, X. The comparative study of selenium nanoparticles with selenite on the reduction of selenite toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 325101. [Google Scholar]
  54. Hu, C.H.; Li, Y.L.; Xiong, L.; Zhang, Y.M.; Ren, Q.; Yang, Z.J. The role of selenium nanoparticles decorated with fluorescent tag in cellular imaging and therapy of cancers. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 2012, 8, 83–91. [Google Scholar]
  55. Jia, X.; Wang, W.; Zhang, L.; Shi, C.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Z. A novel nano-selenium alleviates oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats. Metallomics 2005, 7, 1544–1554. [Google Scholar]
  56. Mozanzadeh, M.T.; Safari, O.; Oosooli, R.; Mehrjooyan, S.; Najafabadi, M.Z.; Hoseini, S.J.; Saghavi, H.; Monem, J. The effect of salinity on growth performance, digestive and antioxidant enzymes, humoral immunity, and stress indices in two euryhaline fish species: Yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) and Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Aquaculture 2021, 534, 736329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Siddik, M.A.B.; Vatsos, I.N.; Rahman, M.A.; Pham, H.D. Selenium-enriched spirulina (SeE-SP) enhances antioxidant response, immunity, and disease resistance in juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Antioxidants 2022, 11, 1572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Abd El-Kader, M.F.; Fath El-Bab, A.F.; Shoukry, M. Evaluating the possible feeding strategies of selenium nanoparticles on the growth rate and wellbeing of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquac. Rep. 2020, 18, 100539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Mohtashemipour, H.; Mohammadian, T.; Torfi Mozanzadeh, M.; Mesbah, M.; Jangaran Nejad, A. Dietary selenium nanoparticles improved growth and health indices in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) juveniles reared in high saline water. Aquac. Nutr. 2024, 2024, 7480824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  60. Shi, L.G.; Yang, R.J.; Yue, W.B.; Xun, W.J.; Zhang, C.X.; Ren, Y.X.; Shi, L.; Lei, F.-L. Effect of elemental nano-selenium on semen quality, glutathione peroxidase activity, and testis ultrastructure in male Boer goats. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2010, 118, 248–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Khademzade, O.; Kochanian, P.; Moini, S.; Zeynali, S. Selenium nanoparticle-supplemented plant protein-rich diet enhances selenium retention in liver, testes, and semen of male fish. Aquac. Nutr. 2021, 27, 1022–1033. [Google Scholar]
  62. Keyvanshokooh, S.; Salati, A.P.; Ghasemi, A.; Nazemroaya, S.; Houshmand, H.; Mozanzadeh, M.T. Reproductive Benefits of Dietary Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) Male Broodstock. Mar. Biotechnol. 2025, 27, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Khorasaninasab, S.A.; Keyvanshokooh, S.; Mozanzadeh, M.T.; Ghasemi, A.; Naderi, M.; Nazemroaya, S. Maternal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles enhances reproductive outcomes and larval quality in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) by influencing gene expression and physiological parameters. Aquac. Rep. 2025, 43, 102933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Wu, L. Review of 15 years of research on ecotoxicology and remediation of land contaminated by agricultural drainage sediment rich in selenium. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2004, 57, 257–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  65. Lenz, M.; Lens, P.N. The essential toxin: The changing perception of selenium in environmental sciences. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 3620–3633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  66. Frankenberger, W.T.; Amrhein, C.; Fan, T.W.; Flaschi, D.; Glater, J.; Kartinen, E.; Kovac, K.; Lee, E.; Ohlendorf, H.; Owens, L.; et al. Advanced treatment technologies in the remediation of seleniferous drainage waters and sediments. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 2004, 18, 19–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Luoma, S.N.; Presser, T.S. Emerging opportunities in management of selenium contamination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 8483–8487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  68. Kumar, N.; Krishnani, K.K.; Singh, N.P. Comparative study of selenium and selenium nanoparticles with reference to acute toxicity, biochemical attributes, and histopathological response in fish. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 8914–8927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  69. Tan, L.C.; Nancharaiah, Y.V.; van Hullebusch, E.D.; Lens, P.N.L. Selenium: Environmental significance, pollution, and biological treatment technologies. Biotechnol. Adv. 2016, 34, 886–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  70. Dirican, S. A review on effects of selenium in the aquatic environment. Int. J. Agric. Sci. Nat. Resour. 2018, 5, 21–24. [Google Scholar]
  71. Bano, I.; Skalickova, S.; Arbab, S.; Urbankova, L.; Horky, P. Toxicological effects of nanoselenium in animals. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2022, 13, 72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  72. El-Sharawy, M.E.; Hamouda, M.; Soliman, A.A.; Amer, A.A.; El-Zayat, A.M.; Sewilam, H.; Younis, E.M.; Abdel-Warith, A.-W.A.; Dawood, M.A.O. Selenium nanoparticles are required for the optimum growth behavior, antioxidative capacity, and liver wellbeing of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 28, 7241–7247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  73. Li, Z.-M.; Wang, X.-L.; Jin, X.-M.; Huang, J.-Q.; Wang, L.-S. The effect of selenium on antioxidant system in aquaculture animals. Front. Physiol. 2023, 14, 1153511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  74. Mal, J.; Veneman, W.J.; Nancharaiah, Y.V.; van Hullebusch, E.D.; Peijnenburg, W.J.; Vijver, M.G.; Lens, P.N.L. A comparison of fate and toxicity of selenite, biogenically, and chemically synthesized selenium nanoparticles to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryogenesis. Nanotoxicology 2017, 11, 87–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  75. Sarkar, B.; Bhattacharjee, S.; Daware, A.; Tribedi, P.; Krishnani, K.K.; Minhas, P.S. Selenium nanoparticles for stress-resilient fish and livestock. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2015, 10, 371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  76. Cleveland, L.; Little, E.E.; Buckler, D.R.; Wiedmeyer, R.H. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of waterborne and dietary selenium in juvenile bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Aquat. Toxicol. 1993, 27, 265–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Lemly, A.D. Toxic effects of selenium in fish. In Selenium Assessment in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Guide for Hazard Evaluation and Water Quality Criteria; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2002; pp. 39–58. [Google Scholar]
Aquacj 05 00011 g001
Figure 1. Screening literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Here; /*/ indicates the overall articles, and /**/ indicates about not peer reviewed and irrelevant articles.
Figure 1. Screening literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Here; /*/ indicates the overall articles, and /**/ indicates about not peer reviewed and irrelevant articles.
Aquacj 05 00011 g001
Aquacj 05 00011 g002
Figure 2. Forest plot depicting the pooled effect size of dietary SeNPs on the specific growth rate (SGR) of Asian seabass (L. calcarifer). The effect size was 3.97 (95% CI: 3.68–4.26; p < 0.001, with low heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.5138). Data were compiled from studies by Mohtashemipour et al. [59], Deilamy et al. [22], and Longbaf et al. [23].
Figure 2. Forest plot depicting the pooled effect size of dietary SeNPs on the specific growth rate (SGR) of Asian seabass (L. calcarifer). The effect size was 3.97 (95% CI: 3.68–4.26; p < 0.001, with low heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.5138). Data were compiled from studies by Mohtashemipour et al. [59], Deilamy et al. [22], and Longbaf et al. [23].
Aquacj 05 00011 g002
Aquacj 05 00011 g003
Figure 3. Forest plot illustrating the pooled effect size of dietary SeNPs on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of Asian seabass (L. calcarifer). The effect size was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.75–0.86; p < 0.001), with minimal heterogeneity (I2 = 1.2%, p = 0.3633). Data were compiled from studies by Mohtashemipour et al. [59], Deilamy et al. [22], and Longbaf et al. [23].
Figure 3. Forest plot illustrating the pooled effect size of dietary SeNPs on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of Asian seabass (L. calcarifer). The effect size was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.75–0.86; p < 0.001), with minimal heterogeneity (I2 = 1.2%, p = 0.3633). Data were compiled from studies by Mohtashemipour et al. [59], Deilamy et al. [22], and Longbaf et al. [23].
Aquacj 05 00011 g003
Aquacj 05 00011 g004
Figure 4. Meta-analysis of SeNP effects on L. calcarifer reproduction shows increased gonadosomatic index, fertilization rate, and testosterone levels, with reduced abnormal embryogenesis, highlighting significant reproductive benefits (p < 0.05). Data were synthesized from the studies by Keyvanshokooh et al. [62] and Khorasaninasab et al. [63].
Figure 4. Meta-analysis of SeNP effects on L. calcarifer reproduction shows increased gonadosomatic index, fertilization rate, and testosterone levels, with reduced abnormal embryogenesis, highlighting significant reproductive benefits (p < 0.05). Data were synthesized from the studies by Keyvanshokooh et al. [62] and Khorasaninasab et al. [63].
Aquacj 05 00011 g004
Aquacj 05 00011 g005
Figure 5. Risk of bias assessment of included studies. Data were synthesized from the studies by Deilamy et al. [22], Longbaf et al. [23], Mohtashemipour et al. [59], Keyvanshokooh et al. [62], and Khorasaninasab et al. [63].
Figure 5. Risk of bias assessment of included studies. Data were synthesized from the studies by Deilamy et al. [22], Longbaf et al. [23], Mohtashemipour et al. [59], Keyvanshokooh et al. [62], and Khorasaninasab et al. [63].
Aquacj 05 00011 g005
Table 1. Application of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in aqua feeds for Asian seabass.
Table 1. Application of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in aqua feeds for Asian seabass.
Aquaculture SpeciesAdministration PeriodInclusion Level (SeNPs)Growth PerformanceDigestive EnzymesSGRFCRReferences
Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)60 days0, 0.5, 1.0, 2, and 4 mg/kgLinear and quadratic growth increase with SeNPs
supplementation (p < 0.05)		Increased total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, ALP, lipase, and α-amylase in SeNPs4 (p < 0.05)Highest SGR in SeNPs4 groupBest FCR observed in SeNPs4 group[59]
42 days4 mg/kgHighest body weight gain, highest specific growth rateSignificant differences in digestive enzymes (except amylase)Improved in combined treatmentImproved in combined treatment[22]
42 days4 mg/kg dietImproved weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed intakeEnhanced immune response, lower malondialdehydeHigher in SeNPs and Combination groupsReduced in SeNPs and MgNPs groups[23]
Table 2. Effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on reproductive performance, antioxidant defense, and sperm quality in Asian seabass.
Table 2. Effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on reproductive performance, antioxidant defense, and sperm quality in Asian seabass.
CategoryParameterControl Diet (CD)SeNP-Supplemented DietSignificance (p < 0.05)Key FindingsReference(s)
Reproductive PerformanceGonadosomatic Index (GSI)LowerHigher ↑✅Enhanced reproductive potential[62]
Spawning frequencyLowerHigher✅SeNP-fed broodfish had increased spawning frequency[63]
Relative fecundityLowerHigher✅Higher egg production in SeNP group
Fertilization rate (%)LowerHigher ↑✅Improved fertilization success and sperm quality[62,63]
Hatching rate (%)LowerHigher ↑✅Boosted larval production and hatchability
Abnormal embryogenesis (%)Higher ↑Lower✅Reduced developmental defects[62]
Antioxidant DefenseGPx activityLowerHigher✅Enhanced antioxidant capacity[63]
Reduced glutathione (GSH)LowerHigher✅Better redox status
Malondialdehyde (MDA)HigherLower✅Reduced oxidative stress
sod (Superoxide Dismutase)LowerHigher ↑✅Increased ROS detoxification[62]
cat (Catalase)LowerHigher ↑✅Strengthened oxidative stress response
gst (Glutathione-S-Transferase)LowerHigher ↑✅Enhanced antioxidant activity
selenop (Liver)LowerHigher ↑✅Selenium transport and metabolism
Hormonal ProfileTestosteroneSimilarSimilar✘No significant change in T levels[63]
EstradiolSimilarSimilar✘No significant change in E2 levels
ProgesteroneHigherLower✅Decreased progesterone in SeNP-fed fish
ar (Androgen Receptor, Testis)LowerHigher ↑✅Testosterone regulation[62]
p450scc (Steroidogenesis, Testis)LowerHigher ↑✅Enhanced hormone synthesis[62,63]
cdk1 (Cell Cycle, Testis)LowerHigher ↑✅Improved cell division[62]
Serum cholesterol and triglyceridesHigherLower✅Better lipid metabolism[63]
Gene ExpressionSteroidogenic genes (star, P450scc, 3β-hsd)Lower expressionUpregulated✅Promoted steroidogenesis[62,63]
Vitellogenesis genes (zp2, vtg)Lower expressionUpregulated✅Improved vitellogenesis[63]
Larval QualityGrowth-promoting genes (GH, IGF-I)Lower expressionHigher expression✅Better larval growth gene expression
Body size and developmental traitsSmaller/less developedLarger/better developed✅Enhanced larval morphology
Se DepositionSe in liver, ovary, and larvaeLowerHigher✅Improved Se bioavailability and tissue deposition
Safety and ToxicityAdverse effects observed?NoNo–Safe for dietary SeNP supplementation[62,63]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ahmed, I.; Siddique, M.A.B.; Hasan, S.J.; Haque, M.M.; Hasan, M.M.; Ahammad, A.K.S. Exploring the Impact of Selenium Nanoparticles on Growth and Gonadal Development in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aquac. J. 2025, 5, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj5030011

AMA Style

Ahmed I, Siddique MAB, Hasan SJ, Haque MM, Hasan MM, Ahammad AKS. Exploring the Impact of Selenium Nanoparticles on Growth and Gonadal Development in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aquaculture Journal. 2025; 5(3):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj5030011

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed, Ilias, Mohammad Abu Baker Siddique, Shanur Jahedul Hasan, Mohammad Mahfujul Haque, Md. Mahmudul Hasan, and A. K. Shakur Ahammad. 2025. "Exploring the Impact of Selenium Nanoparticles on Growth and Gonadal Development in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Aquaculture Journal 5, no. 3: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj5030011

APA Style

Ahmed, I., Siddique, M. A. B., Hasan, S. J., Haque, M. M., Hasan, M. M., & Ahammad, A. K. S. (2025). Exploring the Impact of Selenium Nanoparticles on Growth and Gonadal Development in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aquaculture Journal, 5(3), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj5030011

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop