Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Red Alga Dulse (Devaleraea inkyuleei): Monthly Variation and Improvement in Extraction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Algal Sample Preparation
2.2. Extraction of Crude MAAs from Dulse
2.3. HPLC Analysis of MAAs
2.4. Protein, Phycoerythrin (PE), and Sugar Contents
2.5. Abiotic Data from Hakodate
2.6. Compositional Comparison of Usujiri Dulse from 2019 to 2022
2.7. Effect of Extraction Volume on MAA Extraction
2.8. Effect of Extraction Time on MAA Extraction
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Monthly Variation in MAAs from Usujiri Dulse in 2022
3.2. Monthly Variation in MAA Contents
3.3. Changes in MAAs, Proteins, Saccharides, and Erythemal UV Intensity
3.4. Effect of Extraction Volume on MAA Extraction from Dulse
3.5. Effect of Extraction Time on MAA Extraction from Dulse
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MAAs | Collection Date (2022) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(µmol/g DW) | 24 January | 24 February | 24 March | 12 April | 13 May |
Shinorine | 1.14 ± 0.07 a | 1.16 ± 0.09 a | 1.04 ± 0.40 a | 0.41 ± 0.17 b | 0.23 ± 0.13 b |
Palythine | 9.71 ± 0.16 a | 10.3 ± 0.9 a | 12.0 ± 4.2 a | 4.01 ± 1.09 b | 2.17 ± 0.58 b |
Asterina-330 | 0.47 ± 0.03 b | 0.60 ± 0.05 a | 0.58 ± 0.21 ab | 0.22 ± 0.02 c | 0.11 ± 0.01 c |
Porphyra-334 | 13.2 ± 0.6 b | 17.0 ± 1.5 ab | 17.8 ± 7.3 a | 4.59 ± 0.52 c | 1.98 ± 0.23 c |
Usujirene + Palythene | 6.32 ± 0.27 ab | 6.94 ± 1.14 a | 8.97 ± 4.05 a | 3.91 ± 0.41 bc | 1.80 ± 0.21 c |
Total | 30.8 ± 1.2 b | 36.0 ± 3.5 ab | 40.4 ± 2.6 a | 13.1 ± 2.7 c | 6.29 ± 1.27 c |
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Yamamoto, R.; Takizawa, K.; Miyabe, Y.; Mune Mune, M.A.; Kishimura, H.; Kumagai, Y. Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Red Alga Dulse (Devaleraea inkyuleei): Monthly Variation and Improvement in Extraction. Phycology 2023, 3, 394-404. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology3030026
Yamamoto R, Takizawa K, Miyabe Y, Mune Mune MA, Kishimura H, Kumagai Y. Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Red Alga Dulse (Devaleraea inkyuleei): Monthly Variation and Improvement in Extraction. Phycology. 2023; 3(3):394-404. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology3030026
Chicago/Turabian StyleYamamoto, Ryuya, Koki Takizawa, Yoshikatsu Miyabe, Martin Alain Mune Mune, Hideki Kishimura, and Yuya Kumagai. 2023. "Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Red Alga Dulse (Devaleraea inkyuleei): Monthly Variation and Improvement in Extraction" Phycology 3, no. 3: 394-404. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology3030026
APA StyleYamamoto, R., Takizawa, K., Miyabe, Y., Mune Mune, M. A., Kishimura, H., & Kumagai, Y. (2023). Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Red Alga Dulse (Devaleraea inkyuleei): Monthly Variation and Improvement in Extraction. Phycology, 3(3), 394-404. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology3030026