Different Mass Definitions and Their Pluses and Minuses Related to Gravity
Abstract
:1. Mass and Gravity: A Short Historical Perspective
“All these things being consider’d it seems probable to me, that God in the Beginning form’d Matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable Particles, of such Sizes and Figures, and in such Proportion to Space, as most conduce to the End for which he form’d them; and that these primitive Particles being Solids, are incomparably harder than any porous Bodies compounded of them; even so very hard, as never to wear or break in pieces; no ordinary Power being able to divide what God himself made one in the first Creation. While the Particles continue entire, they may compose bodies of one and the same Nature and Texture in all Ages; But should they wear away, or break in pieces, the Nature of Things depending on them, would be changed. Those minute rondures, swimming in space, from the stuff of the world: the solid, coloured table I write on, no, less than the thin invisible air I breathe, is constructed out of small colourless corpuscles; the world at close quarters looks like the night sky–a few dots of stuff, scattered sporadically through and empty vastness. Such is modern corpuscularianism.”
“The extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and vis inertiae of the whole, result from the extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and vires inertiae of the parts; and thence we conclude the least particles of all bodies to be also all extended and hard and impenetrable, and moveable, and endowed with their proper vires inertia. And this is the foundation of all philosophy. Moreover, that the divided but contiguous particles of bodies may be separated from.”
“The quantity of matter is the measure of the same, arising from its density and bulk conjunctly. It is this quantity that I mean hereafter everywhere under the name of body or mass.”
2. Different Mass Definitions in Gravity; Which One Is Preferable?
2.1. Kilogram Mass
2.2. Deeper Understanding of Kilogram Mass
2.3. Collision-Time Mass
2.4. Newton Gravitational Mass
2.5. Time-Speed Mass
3. Mass Definition Comparison
4. Kilogram Mass Versus Gravitational Mass
5. Weak Equivalence Principle
6. Einstein’s Field Equation
7. Gravity Predictions
8. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mass or Energy Label | Mass | Dimensions or Energy | Intuition | Completness | Measure for Gravity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collision-time | High | High | Easy | ||
Collision-length | High | High | Easy | ||
Kilogram modern physics | m | Low | Low | Medium | |
Kilogram deep understanding | Medium | Low | Medium | ||
Joule (deep understanding) | Medium | Low | Medium | ||
“Newton” alternative-1 | Medium | High | Easy | ||
“Newton” alternative-2 | & | High | High | Easy | |
Time-speed | Medium | Medium | Medium | ||
Frequency per Planck time | High | Medium | Medium | ||
Planck length times Frequency | Medium | Medium | Medium | ||
Frequency per second | High | Low | Medium | ||
times Planck time frequency | Medium | Medium | Medium | ||
Joule per Planck time | Medium | Low-medium | Medium | ||
Kilogram per Planck time | Low | Low-medium | Medium |
Mass or Energy Label | Mass or Energy | Gravity Constant | Gravity Contant Times Mass |
---|---|---|---|
Kilogram | M | G | |
Kilogram (deep) | |||
Collision-time | |||
“Newton” alternative-1 | 1 | ||
“Newton” alternative-2 | |||
Time-speed | |||
Frequency per Planck time | |||
Planck length times Frequency | |||
Frequency per second | |||
times Planck time frequency | |||
Joule per Planck time | |||
Kilogram per Planck time |
Mass or Energy Label | Mass or Energy | Gravity Constant | Gravity Force | Dimensions | Accuracy | Intuition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kilogram | M | G | Less | Low | ||
Kilogram (deep) | Top | Less | ||||
Joule (deep) | Less | Less | ||||
Collision-time | Top | Good | ||||
Collision-length | c | Top | Good | |||
“Newton” alternative-1 | 1 | Top | Less | |||
“Newton” alternative-2 | Top | Less | ||||
Time-speed | Less | Less | ||||
Frequency per Planck time | Less | Less | ||||
Planck length times Frequency | Less | Less | ||||
Frequency per second | Less | Less | ||||
times Planck time frequency | Less | Less | ||||
Joule per Planck time | Less | Less | ||||
Kilogram per Planck time | Less | Less |
Prediction | From Macroscopic Surface Level to Deepest Level |
---|---|
Gravity acceleration | |
Orbital velocity | |
Orbital time | |
Velocity ball Newton cradle | |
Frequency Newton spring | |
Gravitational red shift | |
Time dilation | |
Gravitational deflection (GR) | |
Advance of perihelion |
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Haug, E.G. Different Mass Definitions and Their Pluses and Minuses Related to Gravity. Foundations 2023, 3, 199-219. https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3020017
Haug EG. Different Mass Definitions and Their Pluses and Minuses Related to Gravity. Foundations. 2023; 3(2):199-219. https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3020017
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaug, Espen Gaarder. 2023. "Different Mass Definitions and Their Pluses and Minuses Related to Gravity" Foundations 3, no. 2: 199-219. https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations3020017