Stressful Life Events and Late-Life Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort Study in the Greater Chicago Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Cognitive Function
2.2.2. Life Events
2.2.3. Covariates
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Life Events | N (%) | Age, Mean (SD) | Female, N(%) | Education, Mean (SD) | Income, Mean (SD) | Medical Comorbidities, Mean (SD) | ADL, Mean (SD) | Depressive Symptoms, Mean (SD) | Global Cognition, Mean (SD) | Episodic Memory, Mean (SD) | Working Memory, Mean (SD) | Processing Speed, Mean (SD) | MMSE, Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 724 (23.21) | 74.80 (8.12) | 376 (51.93) | 7.88 (4.17) | 2.01 (0.90) | 1.64 (1.23) | 0.66 (3.11) | 1.13 (2.78) | –0.60 (0.90) | –0.72 (1.07) | 4.30 (1.88) | 21.99 (12.04) | 23.04 (6.27) |
1–2 | 2033 (65.18) | 75.84 (8.32) | 1263 (62.12) | 9.42 (5.03) | 2.08 (1.29) | 2.13 (1.44) | 0.62 (2.82) | 2.00 (3.15) | –0.26 (0.94) | –0.29 (1.10) | 4.84 (2.32) | 27.91 (13.76) | 23.85 (5.76) |
3–4 | 330 (10.58) | 73.66 (7.46) | 241 (73.03) | 10.84 (4.74) | 2.32 (1.55) | 2.44 (1.52) | 0.23 (1.22) | 2.78 (4.17) | 0.06 (0.80) | 0.03 (0.94) | 5.40 (2.29) | 32.11 (12.93) | 25.47 (4.25) |
5+ | 32 (1.03) | 72.24 (7.45) | 24 (75.00) | 11.59 (5.19) | 2.19 (1.87) | 2.66 (1.77) | 0.00 (0.00) | 3.56 (4.47) | 0.35 (0.56) | 0.49 (0.72) | 5.66 (2.09) | 35.48 (9.89) | 26.16 (3.41) |
Age at Exposure to Life Events | N (%) | Global Cognition, Mean (SD) | Episodic Memory, Mean (SD) | Working Memory, Mean (SD) | Processing Speed, Mean (SD) | MMSE, Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Childhood life event | Yes | 462 (14.84) | –0.32 (0.98) | –0.34 (1.13) | 4.82 (2.47) | 27.17 (13.98) | 23.17 (6.15) |
No | 2651 (85.16) | –0.29 (0.93) | –0.34 (1.09) | 4.78 (2.20) | 27.05 (13.55) | 23.99 (5.67) | |
Adulthood life event | Yes | 1848 (59.34) | –0.09 (0.86) | –0.12 (1.02) | 5.10 (2.30) | 30.11 (13.40) | 24.68 (4.96) |
No | 1266 (40.66) | –0.58 (0.96) | –0.67 (1.12) | 4.34 (2.06) | 22.65 (12.67) | 22.68 (6.56) | |
Late-life life event | Yes | 1489 (47.80) | –0.26 (0.95) | –0.28 (1.10) | 4.83 (2.33) | 27.69 (13.45) | 23.76 (5.74) |
No | 1626 (52.20) | –0.33 (0.93) | –0.41 (1.09) | 4.75 (2.16) | 26.50 (13.73) | 23.96 (5.75) |
Outcome: Global Cognition b (SE) | ||||
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
Age | –0.05 (0.00) *** | –0.04 (0.00) *** | –0.03 (0.00) *** | –0.03 (0.00) *** |
Female | –0.28 (0.03) *** | –0.08 (0.03) ** | –0.07 (0.02) ** | –0.06 (0.02) * |
Education | 0.10 (0.00) *** | 0.09 (0.00) *** | 0.09 (0.00) *** | |
Income | 0.04 (0.01) *** | 0.04 (0.01) *** | 0.03 (0.01) *** | |
Medical comorbidities | –0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | ||
ADL | –0.09 (0.00) *** | –0.08 (0.00) *** | ||
Depressive symptoms | –0.03 (0.00) *** | |||
Number of life events | 0.20 (0.01) *** | 0.10 (0.01) *** | 0.10 (0.01) *** | 0.11 (0.01) *** |
Outcome: Episodic Memory b (SE) | ||||
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
Age | –0.05 (0.00) *** | –0.04 (0.00) *** | –0.03 (0.00) *** | –0.03 (0.00) *** |
Female | –0.24 (0.04) *** | –0.04 (0.03) | –0.04 (0.03) | –0.03 (0.03) |
Education | 0.09 (0.00) *** | 0.09 (0.00) *** | 0.09 (0.00) *** | |
Income | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | |
Medical comorbidities | –0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | ||
ADL | –0.08 (0.01) *** | –0.07 (0.01) *** | ||
Depressive symptoms | –0.02 (0.01) *** | |||
Number of life events | 0.23 (0.02) *** | 0.13 (0.02) *** | 0.13 (0.02) *** | 0.14 (0.02) *** |
Outcome: Working Memory b (SE) | ||||
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
Age | –0.06 (0.00) *** | –0.05 (0.00) *** | –0.04 (0.00) *** | –0.04 (0.00) *** |
Female | –0.65 (0.08) *** | –0.22 (0.07) ** | –0.21 (0.07) ** | –0.19 (0.07) ** |
Education | 0.21 (0.01) *** | 0.20 (0.01) *** | 0.20 (0.01) *** | |
Income | 0.07 (0.03) ** | 0.08 (0.03) ** | 0.07 (0.03) * | |
Medical comorbidities | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | ||
ADL | –0.14 (0.01) *** | –0.13 (0.01) *** | ||
Depressive symptoms | –0.06 (0.01) *** | |||
Number of life events | 0.37 (0.04) *** | 0.15 (0.03) *** | 0.14 (0.03) *** | 0.17 (0.03) *** |
Outcome: Processing Speed b (SE) | ||||
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
Age | –0.67 (0.03) *** | –0.59 (0.02) *** | –0.51 (0.02) *** | –0.50 (0.02) *** |
Female | –3.80 (0.45) *** | –0.99 (0.39) ** | –0.77 (0.38) * | –0.68 (0.38) |
Education | 1.32 (0.04) *** | 1.30 (0.04) *** | 1.29 (0.04) *** | |
Income | 1.12 (0.15) *** | 1.09 (0.15) *** | 1.03 (0.15) *** | |
Medical comorbidities | –0.50 (0.13) *** | –0.39 (0.13) ** | ||
ADL | –0.77 (0.07) *** | –0.73 (0.07) *** | ||
Depressive symptoms | –0.31 (0.06) *** | |||
Number of life events | 3.08 (0.21) *** | 1.71 (0.18) *** | 1.77 (0.18) *** | 1.92 (0.18) *** |
Outcome: MMSE b (SE) | ||||
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
Age | –0.30 (0.01) *** | –0.27 (0.01) *** | –0.22 (0.01) *** | –0.21 (0.01) *** |
Female | –1.62 (0.19) *** | –0.60 (0.17) *** | –0.54 (0.16) *** | –0.47 (0.16) ** |
Education | 0.48 (0.02) *** | 0.45 (0.02) *** | 0.44 (0.02) *** | |
Income | 0.14 (0.07) * | 0.15 (0.06) * | 0.12 (0.06) | |
Medical comorbidities | –0.01 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.05) | ||
ADL | –0.71 (0.03) *** | –0.68 (0.03) *** | ||
Depressive symptoms | –0.21 (0.02) *** | |||
Number of life events | 0.73 (0.09) *** | 0.24 (0.08) ** | 0.19 (0.07) * | 0.29 (0.07) *** |
Global Cognition b (SE) | Episodic Memory b (SE) | Working Memory b (SE) | Processing Speed b (SE) | MMSE b (SE) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fire | 0.12 (0.05) * | 0.14 (0.07) * | 0.49 (0.15) ** | 1.23 (0.82) | 0.12 (0.33) |
Physical assault | 0.13 (0.05) * | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.41 (0.15) ** | 1.59 (0.81) | 0.61 (0.33) |
Robbery | 0.11 (0.03) ** | 0.14 (0.05) ** | 0.01 (0.10) | 1.75 (0.55) ** | 0.59 (0.22) ** |
Sexual assault | 0.33 (0.12) ** | 0.43 (0.16) ** | 0.69 (0.34) * | 5.45 (1.86) ** | 0.44 (0.75) |
Divorce | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.07 (0.07) | –0.06 (0.15) | 1.83 (0.83) * | –0.25 (0.34) |
Death | 0.22 (0.03) *** | 0.31 (0.04) *** | 0.28 (0.08) *** | 4.26 (0.40) *** | 0.23 (0.17) |
Cancer | 0.16 (0.05) ** | 0.20 (0.07) ** | 0.34 (0.16) * | 2.24 (0.84) ** | 0.44 (0.34) |
Homeless | –0.02 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.13) | –0.08 (0.27) | 1.60 (1.44) | –1.08 (0.60) |
Imprisonment | –0.09 (0.13) | –0.04 (0.18) | –0.34 (0.39) | 2.67 (2.23) | –1.20 (0.86) |
False accusation | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.19 (0.11) | 0.34 (0.23) | 1.46 (1.26) | 0.13 (0.51) |
Miscarriage | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.13) | 1.47 (0.71) * | 0.64 (0.29) * |
Abortion | 0.20 (0.04) *** | 0.23 (0.05) *** | 0.25 (0.11) * | 3.14 (0.57) *** | 0.81 (0.23) *** |
Outcome: Global Cognition b (SE) | ||||
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
Age | –0.05 (0.00) *** | –0.04 (0.00) *** | –0.03 (0.00) *** | –0.03 (0.00) *** |
Female | –0.26 (0.03) *** | –0.07 (0.03) ** | –0.06 (0.02) * | –0.05 (0.02) * |
Education | 0.10 (0.00) *** | 0.09 (0.00) *** | 0.09 (0.00) *** | |
Income | 0.04 (0.01) *** | 0.04 (0.01) *** | 0.03 (0.01) *** | |
Medical comorbidities | –0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | ||
ADL | –0.09 (0.00) *** | –0.08 (0.00) *** | ||
Depressive symptoms | –0.03 (0.00) *** | |||
Childhood life event | –0.08 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) |
Adulthood life event | 0.39 (0.03) *** | 0.20 (0.03) *** | 0.19 (0.03) *** | 0.20 (0.02) *** |
Late-life life event | 0.18 (0.03) *** | 0.10 (0.03) *** | 0.10 (0.02) *** | 0.11 (0.02) *** |
Outcome: Episodic Memory b (SE) | ||||
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
Age | –0.05 (0.00) *** | –0.04 (0.00) *** | –0.03 (0.00) *** | –0.03 (0.00) *** |
Female | –0.23 (0.04) *** | –0.04 (0.03) | –0.03 (0.03) | –0.02 (0.03) |
Education | 0.09 (0.00) *** | 0.09 (0.00) *** | 0.09 (0.00) *** | |
Income | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | |
Medical comorbidities | –0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | ||
ADL | –0.08 (0.01) *** | –0.07 (0.01) *** | ||
Depressive symptoms | –0.02 (0.01) *** | |||
Childhood life event | –0.07 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) |
Adulthood life event | 0.44 (0.04) *** | 0.26 (0.03) *** | 0.25 (0.03) *** | 0.26 (0.03) *** |
Late-life life event | 0.24 (0.04) *** | 0.16 (0.03) *** | 0.15 (0.03) *** | 0.17 (0.03) *** |
Outcome: Working Memory b (SE) | ||||
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
Age | –0.06 (0.00) *** | –0.05 (0.00) *** | –0.04 (0.00) *** | –0.04 (0.00) *** |
Female | –0.61 (0.08) *** | –0.19 (0.07) ** | –0.18 (0.07) * | –0.16 (0.07) * |
Education | 0.21 (0.01) *** | 0.20 (0.01) *** | 0.20 (0.01) *** | |
Income | 0.07 (0.03) ** | 0.08 (0.03) ** | 0.07 (0.03) * | |
Medical comorbidities | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | ||
ADL | –0.14 (0.01) *** | –0.13 (0.01) *** | ||
Depressive symptoms | –0.05 (0.01) *** | |||
Childhood life event | –0.06 (0.11) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.15 (0.10) | 0.18 (0.10) |
Adulthood life event | 0.67 (0.08) *** | 0.24 (0.07) ** | 0.22 (0.07) ** | 0.24 (0.07) *** |
Late-life life event | 0.21 (0.08) ** | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.07) |
Outcome: Processing Speed b (SE) | ||||
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
Age | –0.67 (0.03) *** | –0.60 (0.02) *** | –0.52 (0.02) *** | –0.51 (0.02) *** |
Female | –3.56 (0.44) *** | –0.88 (0.38) * | –0.65 (0.38) | –0.52 (0.38) |
Education | 1.32 (0.04) *** | 1.30 (0.04) *** | 1.29 (0.04) *** | |
Income | 1.11 (0.15) *** | 1.07 (0.15) *** | 1.01 (0.15) *** | |
Medical comorbidities | –0.54 (0.13) *** | –0.42 (0.13) ** | ||
ADL | –0.76 (0.07) *** | –0.72 (0.07) *** | ||
Depressive symptoms | –0.32 (0.06) *** | |||
Childhood life event | –0.60 (0.62) | 0.77 (0.52) | 0.78 (0.51) | 0.96 (0.51) |
Adulthood life event | 6.02 (0.46) *** | 3.34 (0.39) *** | 3.45 (0.39) *** | 3.63 (0.39) *** |
Late-life life event | 2.74 (0.45) *** | 1.63 (0.38) *** | 1.66 (0.37) *** | 1.82 (0.37) *** |
Outcome: MMSE b (SE) | ||||
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
Age | –0.30 (0.01) *** | –0.27 (0.01) *** | –0.22 (0.01) *** | –0.21 (0.01) *** |
Female | –1.56 (0.19) *** | –0.60 (0.17) *** | –0.54 (0.16) *** | –0.45 (0.16) ** |
Education | 0.48 (0.02) *** | 0.45 (0.02) *** | 0.44 (0.02) *** | |
Income | 0.14 (0.07) * | 0.15 (0.06) * | 0.12 (0.06) | |
Medical comorbidities | –0.01 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.06) | ||
ADL | –0.72 (0.03) *** | –0.68 (0.03) *** | ||
Depressive symptoms | –0.20 (0.02) *** | |||
Childhood life event | –0.82 (0.26) ** | –0.33 (0.24) | –0.37 (0.22) | –0.25 (0.21) |
Adulthood life event | 1.47 (0.19) *** | 0.50 (0.18) ** | 0.41 (0.16) * | 0.51 (0.16) ** |
Late-life life event | 0.70 (0.19) *** | 0.31 (0.17) | 0.24 (0.16) | 0.35 (0.16) * |
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Dong, G.C.; Li, M. Stressful Life Events and Late-Life Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort Study in the Greater Chicago Area. J. Ageing Longev. 2021, 1, 24-35. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal1010004
Dong GC, Li M. Stressful Life Events and Late-Life Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort Study in the Greater Chicago Area. Journal of Ageing and Longevity. 2021; 1(1):24-35. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal1010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Gabriella C., and Mengting Li. 2021. "Stressful Life Events and Late-Life Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort Study in the Greater Chicago Area" Journal of Ageing and Longevity 1, no. 1: 24-35. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal1010004