Updating the Phylogeography and Temporal Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup U8 with Special Mention to the Basques
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Sequence Classification
2.3. Match-Based Distances between Populations
2.4. Other Statistical Analyses
2.5. Coalescence Age Estimations
3. Results
3.1. U8 Phylogeography of Present-Day Populations
3.2. U8 Phylogeography in the Past
3.3. Haplogroup U8 Coalescent Age Estimates
4. Discussion
4.1. The Extinction of mtDNA Lineages
4.2. The Peopling of Europe from an U8a Perspective
4.3. The Peopling of Europe from a U8b Perspective
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Sample (Ref.) | U8a | U8b | U8 | U8a/U8b Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iberia (IB) | 9704 (Table S1) | 23 (0.24) | 20 (0.21) | 43 (0.44) | 1.15 |
Italy (IT) | 5049 (Table S2) | 6 (0.12) | 16 (0.32) | 22 (0.44) | 0.375 |
Balkans (BK) | 3762 (Table S3) | 1 (0.03) | 6 (0.16) | 7 (0.19) | 0.167 |
Turkey (ME) | 818 (Table S9) | 0 | 2 (0.24) | 2 (0.24) | 0.0 |
Basque Country (BQ) | 1985 (Table S1) | 10 (0.50) | 2 (0.10) | 12 (0.60) | 5.0 |
France (WE) | 2397 (Table S5) | 13 (0.54) | 1 (0.04) | 14 (0.58) | 13.0 |
British Islands (WE) | 327,665 (Table S5) | 655 (0.20) | 131 (0.04) | 786 (0.24) | 5.0 |
Central Europe (CE) | 2891 (Table S4) | 6 (0.21) | 3 (0.10) | 9 (0.31) | 0.334 |
Northern Europe (NE) | 8166 (Table S7) | 61 (0.75) | 3 (0.04) | 64 (0.79) | 20.3 |
Eastern Europe (EE) | 22,112 (Table S6) | 100 (0.45) | 29 (0.13) | 129 (0.58) | 3.45 |
Caucasus (CU) | 4183 (Table S8) | 2 (0.05) | 23 (0.55) | 25 (0.60) | 0.087 |
Middle East (ME) | 13,000 (Table S10) | 2 (0.01) | 55 (0.42) | 57 (0.44) | 0.036 |
South Asia (SA) | 12,753 (Table S12) | 1 (0.008) | 3 (0.023) | 4 (0.031) | 0.333 |
Central Asia (CA) | 9421 (Table S11) | 4 (0.04) | 7 (0.07) | 11 (0.12) | 0.571 |
Northern Africa (NA) | 5145 (Table S13) | 2 (0.04) | 18 (0.35) | 20 (0.39) | 0.111 |
Period | Date | Sample (Table S14) | U8a | U8b | U8c | U8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paleolithic | (2 My–12,000 BCE) | 55 | 8 (14.5) | 0 | 4 (7.3) | 12 (21.8) |
Mesolithic | (12,000–8300 BCE) | 300 | 0 | 3 (1.0) | 0 | 3 (1.0) |
Neolithic | (8300–4500 BCE) | 2078 | 4 (0.19) | 27 (1.30) | 0 | 31 (1.49) |
Chalcolithic | (4500–3300 BCE) | 936 | 1 (0.11) | 6 (0.64) | 0 | 7 (0.75) |
Bronze | (3300–1200 BCE) | 1701 | 1 (0.06) | 12 (0.71) | 0 | 13 (0.77) |
Iron/Historic | (1200–present) | 2669 | 5 (0.19) | 15 (0.56) | 0 | 20 (0.75) |
Lineages | Haplogroup | Years per Mutation | Mean | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mal’ta 1 | U* | 2454 | 46,391 | 32,769–60,013 |
Cioclovina 1 | U* | 2454 | 32,435 | 21,275–44,043 |
U2′3′4′7′8′9 | U* | 2454 | 45,155 | 31,717–58,593 |
Paleolithic | U2′3′4′7′8′9 | 2454 | 42,691 | 37,447–47,934 |
Paleolithic | U8c | 2454 | 33,443 | 31,222–35,666 |
U8c | U8* | 2454 | 43,259 | 31,115–55,404 |
Extant (1) | U8* | 3624 | 53,092 | 38,532–67,652 |
Extant + 0.05 interval (2) | U8* | 3205 | 73,330 | 56,242–90,418 |
Extant | U8* | Time dependent | 42,062 | 29,101–55,023 |
Extant | U8a | 3624 | 29,898 | 18,981–40,815 |
Extant + 0.05 interval | U8a | 3205 | 33,332 | 21,843–44,821 |
Extant | U8a | Time dependent | 25,994 | 15,796–36,192 |
Extant | U8b | 3624 | 43,995 | 30,729–57,261 |
Extant + 0.05 interval | U8b | 3205 | 68,131 | 51,639–84,623 |
Extant | U8b | Time dependent | 39,088 | 26,592–51,578 |
Clade | Age in Years ± 2 se | Connected Regions |
---|---|---|
U8a2 | 12,322 ± 7014 | Iberia–Basque–Britain |
U8a1a + 15,903 | 10,872 ± 6573 | Eastern Europe–northern Europe |
U8a1a1a + 16,146! | 9060 ± 6020 | Basque–Britain–northern Europe |
U8a1b | 7248 ± 5367 | Britain–northern Europe |
U8a1a1b | 6741 ± 5177 | Eastern Europe |
U8a1a3 | 6342 ± 5010 | Western Europe–England |
U8a1a1a2 | 6342 ± 5036 | Eastern Europe |
U8a1a4 | 6052 ± 4920 | Basque–northern Europe |
U8a1a2 | 6052 ± 4899 | Central Europe–Britain |
U8a1a1 + 6380 | 6052 ± 4900 | Western Europe–northern Europe |
U8a1a1b1 | 4059 ± 4050 | Eastern Europe–northern Europe |
U8a1a1a1 | 3624 ± 3704 | Central Europe |
Clade | Age in Years ± 2 se | Connected Regions |
---|---|---|
U8b1a2 + 14,364, 16,259 | 36,240 ± 12,033 | Middle East |
U8b1b2 | 20,536 ± 8967 | Caucasus–Middle East–Balkans |
U8b1a1 + 10,454 | 18,120 ± 8508 | Caucasus–Middle East–Italy |
U8b1a2b | 17,033 ± 8246 | Caucasus–M.East–Balkans–E.Europe–N.Europe–N.Africa |
U8b1b1 + 9947 | 15,704 ± 7745 | Caucasus–northern Africa |
U8b1b + 146, 3432, 13,155 | 15,221 ± 7771 | Central Asia–eastern Europe–Italy |
U8b1a1 + 10,454,12,308! | 13,046 ± 7211 | Middle East–eastern Europe |
U8b1a1 + 6515G,10,632 | 11,959 ± 6809 | Middle East–northern Europe |
U8b1b + 7705,14,323,16,290 | 8154 ± 5692 | Central Europe–Britain–Iberia |
U8b1b1 + 16,094 | 5177 ± 4494 | Eastern Europe–Italy–C.Europe–N.Europe |
U8b1b1 (X16,094, 9947) | 4918 ± 4050 | Middle East–E.Europe–C.Europe–Italy–Iberia |
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Cabrera, V.M. Updating the Phylogeography and Temporal Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup U8 with Special Mention to the Basques. DNA 2022, 2, 104-115. https://doi.org/10.3390/dna2020008
Cabrera VM. Updating the Phylogeography and Temporal Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup U8 with Special Mention to the Basques. DNA. 2022; 2(2):104-115. https://doi.org/10.3390/dna2020008
Chicago/Turabian StyleCabrera, Vicente M. 2022. "Updating the Phylogeography and Temporal Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup U8 with Special Mention to the Basques" DNA 2, no. 2: 104-115. https://doi.org/10.3390/dna2020008