Trends in State Anxiety during the Full Lockdown in Italy: The Role Played by COVID-19 Risk Perception and Trait Emotional Intelligence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants Recruitment
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Wave 1 (N = 1031) | Wave 2 (N = 700) | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
Age, y (range) | 30.63 (18–75) | 30.97 (18–75) | t = −0.528 |
Gender | X2 = 2.11 | ||
Female, no. (%) | 701 (67.99%) | 492 (69.98%) | |
Highest level of education | t = −1.654 | ||
Primary school, no. (%) | 1 (0.09%) | 0 (0%) | |
Middle school, no. (%) | 50 (4.85%) | 23 (3.27%) | |
High school, no. (%) | 460 (44.62%) | 306 (43.53%) | |
Bachelor’s degree, no. (%) | 303 (29.39%) | 213 (30.30%) | |
Master’s degree, no. (%) | 187 (18.14%) | 133 (18.92%) | |
Specialization/Doctorate, no. (%) | 30 (2.91%) | 28 (3.98%) | |
Income | t = 0.143 | ||
>10,000 (%) | 65 (6.30%) | 37 (5.26%) | |
10,000–19,999 (%) | 190 (18.43%) | 124 (17.64%) | |
20,000–29,999 (%) | 9 (0.87%) | 7 (1%) | |
30,000–39,999 (%) | 260 (25.22%) | 172 (24.47%) | |
40,000–49,999 (%) | 153 (14.84%) | 114 (16.22%) | |
50,000–59,999 (%) | 93 (9.02%) | 63 (8.96%) | |
60,000–69,999 (%) | 50 (4.85%) | 39 (5.55%) | |
70,000–79,999 (%) | 29 (2.81%) | 23 (3.27%) | |
80,000–89,999 (%) | 27 (2.62%) | 25 (3.56%) | |
90,000–99,999 (%) | 17 (1.65%) | 5 (0.71%) | |
100,000–109,999 (%) | 3 (0.29%) | 6 (0.85%) | |
110,000–119,999 (%) | 7 (0.68%) | 13 (1.85%) | |
120,000–129,999 (%) | 3 (0.29%) | 2 (0.28%) | |
130,000–139,999 (%) | 3 (0.29%) | 1 (0.14%) | |
140,000–149,999 (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
>150,000 (%) | 1 (0.10%) | 2 (0.28%) | |
Prefer not to say (%) | 121 (11.74%) | 70 (9.96%) | |
Political orientation | t = −1.05 | ||
Extreme left wing, no. (%) | 26 (2.52%) | 19 (2.70%) | |
Left wing, no. (%) | 285 (27.64%) | 176 (25%) | |
Center-left wing, no. (%) | 335 (32.50%) | 230 (32.72%) | |
Center wing, no. (%) | 152 (14.74%) | 103 (14.65%) | |
Center-left wing, no. (%) | 142 (13.77%) | 107 (15.2%) | |
left wing, no. (%) | 85 (8.25%) | 58 (8.25%) | |
Extreme left wing, no. (%) | 6 (0.58%) | 7 (1%) | |
Religiosity, 1–7 scale (SD) | 2.944 (1.824) | 2.95 (1.791) | t = −0.152 |
Trust authorities, 1–7 scale (SD) | 4.250 (1.357) | 4.124 (1.378) | t = 4.668 *** |
Descriptive Statistics | |||||||||
Wave 1 | Wave 2 | ||||||||
Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | t | d | 95% C.I. | |
State anxiety | 46.06 | 13.82 | 20–75 | 45.59 | 14.32 | 20–80 | 0.68 | 0.03 | [−0.06, 0.13] |
Trait EI | 4.88 | 0.75 | 2.13–6.83 | 4.75 | 0.76 | 2–6.77 | 3.66 *** | 0.18 | [0.08, 0.28] |
Risk perception | 66.33 | 23.66 | 0–100 | 53.11 | 23.88 | 0–100 | 11.37 *** | 0.56 | [0.46, 0.65] |
Cases per million | 211.2 | 85.52 | 122–521.1 | 16.79 | 3.43 | 7.88–21.12 | 60.1 *** | 2.94 | [2.81, 3.08] |
Correlations | |||||||||
Wave 2 | |||||||||
State anxiety | Trait EI | Risk perception | Cases million | ||||||
Wave 1 | State anxiety | --- | −0.51 *** | 0.13 *** | −0.10 ** | ||||
Trait EI | −0.30 *** | --- | −0.15 *** | 0.11 ** | |||||
Risk perception | 0.18 *** | −0.04 | --- | −0.06 | |||||
Cases per million | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.13 *** | --- |
β | B | SE | t | 95% C.I. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trait EI | −0.29 | −5.40 | 0.52 | −10.33 *** | [−6.43, −4.38] |
Wave | 0.78 | 22.27 | 4.35 | 5.12 *** | [13.74, 30.79] |
Risk perception | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 5.78 *** | [0.06, 0.13] |
Age | −0.14 | −0.15 | 0.02 | −6.55 *** | [−0.19, −0.11] |
Gender | −0.12 | −3.38 | 0.61 | −5.58 *** | [−4.57, −2.19] |
Education | 0.09 | 1.40 | 0.33 | 4.20 *** | [0.75, 2.06] |
Political orientation | −0.06 | −0.59 | 0.23 | −2.56 * | [−1.03, −0.14] |
Wave x Risk perception | −0.16 | −0.08 | 0.03 | −2.92 ** | [−0.13, −0.03] |
Wave x Trait EI | −0.66 | −3.86 | 0.81 | −4.77 *** | [−5.45, −2.27] |
AdjR2 = 0.22, p < 0.001, AIC baseline = 8731.4; AIC model = 8722.52 |
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Tedaldi, E.; Orabona, N.; Hovnanyan, A.; Rubaltelli, E.; Scrimin, S. Trends in State Anxiety during the Full Lockdown in Italy: The Role Played by COVID-19 Risk Perception and Trait Emotional Intelligence. Trauma Care 2022, 2, 418-426. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2030034
Tedaldi E, Orabona N, Hovnanyan A, Rubaltelli E, Scrimin S. Trends in State Anxiety during the Full Lockdown in Italy: The Role Played by COVID-19 Risk Perception and Trait Emotional Intelligence. Trauma Care. 2022; 2(3):418-426. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2030034
Chicago/Turabian StyleTedaldi, Elisa, Noemi Orabona, Ani Hovnanyan, Enrico Rubaltelli, and Sara Scrimin. 2022. "Trends in State Anxiety during the Full Lockdown in Italy: The Role Played by COVID-19 Risk Perception and Trait Emotional Intelligence" Trauma Care 2, no. 3: 418-426. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2030034
APA StyleTedaldi, E., Orabona, N., Hovnanyan, A., Rubaltelli, E., & Scrimin, S. (2022). Trends in State Anxiety during the Full Lockdown in Italy: The Role Played by COVID-19 Risk Perception and Trait Emotional Intelligence. Trauma Care, 2(3), 418-426. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2030034