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Article

COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Gender Identity on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels in Canada

by
Chidi Chima
1,2,
Reham Shalaby
1,*,
Mobolaji A. Lawal
1,2,
Wesley Vuong
2,
Marianne Hrabok
1,3,
April Gusnowski
2,
Shireen Surood
2,
Andrew J. Greenshaw
1,
Kristopher Wells
4 and
Vincent I. O. Agyapong
1,5
1
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
2
Addiction and Mental Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB T5K 2J5, Canada
3
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
4
Faculty of Health and Community Studies, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada
5
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Trauma Care 2022, 2(1), 11-22; https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2010002
Submission received: 24 November 2021 / Revised: 25 December 2021 / Accepted: 30 December 2021 / Published: 9 January 2022
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: This cross-sectional study explored variation of the prevalence of perceived stress, depression and anxiety among different self-identified gender identity groups in the Canadian population during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Anxiety, depression, and stress were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: There were 8267 respondents to the online survey; 982 (12.0%) were male-identified, 7120 (86.9%) female-identified, and 92 (1.1%) identified as a diverse gender group. Prevalence rates for clinically meaningful anxiety (333 (41.7%), 2882 (47.6%), 47 (61.0%)), depression (330 (40.2%), 2736 (44.3%), 46 (59.7%)), and stress (702 (79.6%), 5711 (86.4%), 74 (90.2%)) were highest among respondents who self-identified as “other gender” followed by female-identified and then male-identified, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between gender groups for mean scores on GAD-7 (F (2, 6929) = 18.02, p < 0.001), PHQ-9 (F (2, 191.4) = 11.17, p < 0.001), and PSS (F (2, 204.6) = 21.13, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Gender identity differences exist in terms of the prevalence and severity of anxiety, depressive, and stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding highlights the importance of incorporating self-identified gender identity in medical research, clinical practice, and policy.
Keywords: COVID-19; Text4Hope; mobile phones; text; anxiety; depression; stress; gender; gender identity; pandemic; e-mental health COVID-19; Text4Hope; mobile phones; text; anxiety; depression; stress; gender; gender identity; pandemic; e-mental health

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chima, C.; Shalaby, R.; Lawal, M.A.; Vuong, W.; Hrabok, M.; Gusnowski, A.; Surood, S.; Greenshaw, A.J.; Wells, K.; Agyapong, V.I.O. COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Gender Identity on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels in Canada. Trauma Care 2022, 2, 11-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2010002

AMA Style

Chima C, Shalaby R, Lawal MA, Vuong W, Hrabok M, Gusnowski A, Surood S, Greenshaw AJ, Wells K, Agyapong VIO. COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Gender Identity on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels in Canada. Trauma Care. 2022; 2(1):11-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2010002

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chima, Chidi, Reham Shalaby, Mobolaji A. Lawal, Wesley Vuong, Marianne Hrabok, April Gusnowski, Shireen Surood, Andrew J. Greenshaw, Kristopher Wells, and Vincent I. O. Agyapong. 2022. "COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Gender Identity on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels in Canada" Trauma Care 2, no. 1: 11-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2010002

APA Style

Chima, C., Shalaby, R., Lawal, M. A., Vuong, W., Hrabok, M., Gusnowski, A., Surood, S., Greenshaw, A. J., Wells, K., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Gender Identity on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels in Canada. Trauma Care, 2(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2010002

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