Public Health Needs the Public Trust: A Pandemic Retrospective
Abstract
:1. Introduction: A Loss of Trust
Objectives
2. Reasons for Distrust
2.1. Censorship
2.2. Narrowness and Inflexibility of Public Health Response
2.3. Conflicts of Interest and Regulatory Capture
2.4. Bioethical Violations
2.5. The Price of Distrust
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Average Excess Deaths in 2022 (Percentage of Total Deaths) | Total Vaccinations per Hundred People (on 15 September 2021) | Stringency Index (on 15 September 2021) |
---|---|---|---|
Romania | 3.4 | 50.34 | 47.01 |
Sweden | 4.1 | 128.65 | 33.78 |
Hungary | 5.2 | 121.51 | 29.91 |
Latvia | 6.5 | 83.64 | 37.96 |
Belgium | 6.9 | 142.02 | 43.06 |
Lithuania | 7.4 | 113.73 | 36.61 |
Luxembourg | 7.6 | 119.83 | 37.96 |
Czechia | 8.2 | 111.69 | 40.4 |
Croatia | 8.8 | 83.09 | 31.81 |
Bulgaria | 9.2 | 35.94 | 46.3 |
Italy | 10.3 | 138.64 | 57.33 |
Denmark | 10.4 | 145.72 | 20.37 |
Poland | 11.1 | 92.43 | 35.77 |
Slovenia | 11.6 | 92.3 | 43.66 |
Norway | 12.3 | 139.59 | 38.89 |
Spain | 12.3 | 144.99 | 42.13 |
Netherlands | 12.5 | 127.52 | 41.67 |
Portugal | 12.5 | 156.01 | 49.86 |
Estonia | 13.1 | 99.69 | 27.29 |
Slovakia | 13.2 | 83.78 | 32.65 |
Switzerland | 13.3 | 115.12 | 43.81 |
Germany | 14.2 | 128.23 | 36.18 |
Austria | 15.5 | 122.16 | 46.76 |
Greece | 15.6 | 113.56 | 73.92 |
Finland | 16 | 133.36 | 33.8 |
France | 16.5 | 137.18 | 43.35 |
Malta | 17.9 | 151.69 | 43.52 |
Iceland | 19 | 145.56 | 32.41 |
Cyprus | 26.4 | 125.89 | 52.56 |
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Halma, M.T.J.; Guetzkow, J. Public Health Needs the Public Trust: A Pandemic Retrospective. BioMed 2023, 3, 256-271. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3020023
Halma MTJ, Guetzkow J. Public Health Needs the Public Trust: A Pandemic Retrospective. BioMed. 2023; 3(2):256-271. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3020023
Chicago/Turabian StyleHalma, Matthew T. J., and Joshua Guetzkow. 2023. "Public Health Needs the Public Trust: A Pandemic Retrospective" BioMed 3, no. 2: 256-271. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3020023
APA StyleHalma, M. T. J., & Guetzkow, J. (2023). Public Health Needs the Public Trust: A Pandemic Retrospective. BioMed, 3(2), 256-271. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3020023