Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
Definition
1. Introduction
2. Factors Affecting Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Drugs
2.1. Properties of Drugs
2.1.1. Molecular Weight
2.1.2. Lipophilicity
2.1.3. Solubility
2.1.4. Stability
2.1.5. pH
2.2. Formulation Properties
2.2.1. Particle Size
2.2.2. Permeation Enhancers
2.2.3. Formulation Viscosity
2.2.4. Delivery Device
2.2.5. Osmolarity
2.3. Nasal Cavity Conditions
2.3.1. Nasal Mucosa Condition
2.3.2. Nasal Temperature
2.3.3. Nasal Blood Flow
3. Conventional Formulations for Nose-to-Brain Delivery
4. Advanced Nanoparticles for Nose-to-Brain Delivery
4.1. Advantages of Nanoparticles for Nose-to-Brain Delivery
4.2. Recent Advanced Nanoparticles for Nose-to-Brain Delivery
4.2.1. Micelles
4.2.2. Polymeric Nanoparticles
4.2.3. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
4.3. Industrial and Translational Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Active Ingredient | Brand Name | Company | Approval Year | Dosage Form | Indication |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Butorphanol tartrate | Stadol NS | Bristol-Myers Squibb | 1991 (discontinued in 2004) | Nasal spray | Pain |
Diazepam | Valtoco® | Neurelis | 2020 | Nasal spray | Epilepsy |
Dihydroergotamine mesylate | Migranal® | Bausch Health US | 1997 | Nasal spray | Migraine |
Dihydroergotamine mesylate | Trudhesa® | Impel | 2021 | POD® system | Migraine |
Esketamine hydrochloride | Spravato® | Janssen | 2019 | Nasal spray | Depression |
Midazolam | Nayzilam® | Ucb Inc. | 2019 | Nasal spray | Epilepsy |
Naloxone hydrochloride | Narcan® | Emergent Operations Ireland | 2015 | Nasal spray | Opioid overdose |
Naloxone hydrochloride | Kloxxado® | Hikma | 2021 | Nasal spray | Opioid overdose |
Naloxone hydrochloride | Naloxone hydrochloride | Amphastar pharms | 2023 | Nasal spray | Opioid overdose |
Sumatriptan | Imitrex® | GlaxoSmithKline | 1997 | Nasal spray | Migraine |
Sumatriptan | OnzetraXsail® | Currax | 2016 | Xsail® system | Migraine |
Sumatriptan | Tosymra® | Upsher Smith Laboratories | 2019 | Nasal spray | Migraine |
Varenicline | Tyrvaya® | Oyster Point Pharma | 2021 | Nasal spray | Dry Eye Disease |
Zavegepant | Zavzpret® | Pfizer | 2023 | Nasal spray | Migraine |
Zolmitriptan | Zomig® | Amneal | 2003 | Nasal spray | Migraine |
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Nguyen, L.T.-T.; Duong, V.-A. Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery. Encyclopedia 2025, 5, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030091
Nguyen LT-T, Duong V-A. Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery. Encyclopedia. 2025; 5(3):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030091
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Linh Thi-Thao, and Van-An Duong. 2025. "Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery" Encyclopedia 5, no. 3: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030091
APA StyleNguyen, L. T.-T., & Duong, V.-A. (2025). Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery. Encyclopedia, 5(3), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030091