Understanding the Gut-Heart Axis in Roemheld Syndrome: Mechanisms and Clinical Insights
Definition
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Search Strategy
1.2. Medical Case History and Prevalence
1.3. The Vagus Nerve: One Nerve to Rule Them All
1.4. The Gut as the Birthplace of GCS
1.5. Modulating the Gut Brain
1.6. Special Case: Hiatal Hernia Pathology as Causative for GCS
1.7. The Heart as the GCS Victim: A Fear-Amplification System
1.8. Cardiovascular Reflexes and GCS
1.8.1. The Baroreceptor Reflex
1.8.2. The Chemoreceptor Reflex
1.8.3. The Bainbridge and Bezoid-Jarsich Reflexes
1.8.4. The Valsalva Reflex
2. Gastrocardiac Syndrome as a Model System
2.1. Risk Factors
2.2. Symptoms and Their Roots
2.3. Causes
3. Treatment of Non-Surgical GCS: Multi-Pronged by Design
4. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case | Year | Author | Age/Sex | Symptoms | History | Cause | Treatment | Resolved? | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2024 | Khreshi | 53/M | Bradycardia, GERD | T2D, gout | Vagal tone | PPI | No | [2] |
2 | 2023 | Natale | 40/M | Syncope, bradycardia | None | Intragastric balloon | Excretion | Yes | [3] |
3 | 2023 | Bhandari | 57/F | Chest pain, ventricular bigeminy, bradycardia, mitral regurgitation | Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, hiatal hernia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia | Hiatal hernia | Surgery | Yes | [4] |
4 | 2023 | Noom | 60/M | SVT with PVCs, hypertensive urgency, tachycardia | Esophageal stricture, hiatal hernia, GERD, arrythmias | Hiatal hernia | Surgery | Yes | [5] |
5 | 2022 | John | 65/M | Abdomen pain, dyspnea, tachycardia | None Listed | Stomach compression | Surgery | Yes | [6] |
6 | 2021 | Qureshi | 54/F | Tachycardia, bloating, distention, nausea | Hypertension, dyspepsia, PSVT | Dyspepsia | Lifestyle change, omeprezole | Yes | [7] |
7 | 2020 | Mehta | 62/F | Palpitations, PVC, GERD | Obesity, hiatal hernia, dyslipidemia | Hiatal hernia | Surgery | Yes | [8] |
8 | 2018 | Saeed | 75/F | Dizziness, gut distention, bradycardia | Hypertension, COPD, constipation, dementia | Hiatal Hernia | Nasogastric tube, pacemaker | Yes | [9] |
Location | Symptom |
---|---|
Chest | Tachycardia |
Bradycardia | |
Arrythmia | |
PVC | |
Dyspnea | |
Abdomen | Bloating |
GERD | |
Fullness | |
Dyspepsia | |
Vomiting | |
Pain | |
Constipation | |
Meteorism | |
Psychological | Anxiety |
Panic | |
Depression | |
Insomnia | |
Dizziness | |
Nausea |
Drug | PubChem ID | Indication | Class | Side Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activated charcoal | 481108125 | Gas | Inert Substance | Intestinal blockage, lung ingress | - |
Pancrelipase | - | Dyspepsia | Enzyme | Constipation, nausea | - |
Protease | - | Dyspepsia | Enzyme | Diarrhea, nausea | - |
Magnesium | Various | Constipation | Osmotic laxative | Diarrhea | - |
Sennosides | 656822 | Constipation | Stimulant laxative | Diarrhea, stomach cramps | - |
Bromopride | 3016754 | Gastroparesis | Dopamine antagonist | Drowsiness, fatigue, dry mouth, diarrhea or constipation | [78,79] |
Metoclopramide | 4168 | Gastroparesis | Dopamine antagonist | Drowsiness, kidney problems (in elderly), fatigue, dry mouth, diarrhea or constipation | [78] |
Levosulpiride | 688272 | Gastroparesis, anxiety | Dopamine antagonist | Headache, fatigue, altered heart rate | [79] |
Prucalopride | 3052762 | Constipation | Dopamine antagonist | Stomach pain, diarrhea, dizziness, suicidal thoughts | [79] |
Domperidone | 3151 | Vomiting, constipation | Dopamine antagonist | Edema in feet, fatigue, hot flashes, cardiac QT prolongation | [79] |
Cinitapride | 68867 | Constipation, gastroparesis | 5-HT Prokinetic | Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hypertension if aspirin is taken | [79] |
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Mathis, B.J.; Suzuki, R.; Kuroda, Y.; Kato, H.; Hiramatsu, Y. Understanding the Gut-Heart Axis in Roemheld Syndrome: Mechanisms and Clinical Insights. Encyclopedia 2024, 4, 1721-1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040113
Mathis BJ, Suzuki R, Kuroda Y, Kato H, Hiramatsu Y. Understanding the Gut-Heart Axis in Roemheld Syndrome: Mechanisms and Clinical Insights. Encyclopedia. 2024; 4(4):1721-1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040113
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathis, Bryan J., Ryuji Suzuki, Yukihito Kuroda, Hideyuki Kato, and Yuji Hiramatsu. 2024. "Understanding the Gut-Heart Axis in Roemheld Syndrome: Mechanisms and Clinical Insights" Encyclopedia 4, no. 4: 1721-1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040113
APA StyleMathis, B. J., Suzuki, R., Kuroda, Y., Kato, H., & Hiramatsu, Y. (2024). Understanding the Gut-Heart Axis in Roemheld Syndrome: Mechanisms and Clinical Insights. Encyclopedia, 4(4), 1721-1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040113