Safeguarding Traditional Crafts in Europe
Definition
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Crafts in Europe
2.2. Traditional Crafts as an Economic Resource
2.3. Endangered Crafts and the Need for Preservation
- Competition from cheaper products, especially products produced in Asia [25].
- Regression of the workforce, and unlike what traditionally happened in the past [26], there is little interest from young people in taking up these professions.
- Availability and price of raw or ‘natural’ materials [27].
- Lack of government incentives to support craft production and entrepreneurship.
- Limited or no financing for start-up craft businesses.
- Crafts are associated only with heritage and the past, making them unattractive for young people to choose a crafts-related profession in advanced economies.
2.4. Safeguarding Crafts
2.5. Contribution
3. Understanding and Representing Crafts through Digitization
3.1. A Scientific Methodology
3.2. Ethical Considerations
4. Empowering Craft Communities
4.1. Involving Craft Communities in Craft Preservation
4.2. Enhancing the Economic Potential of Craft Communities through Thematic and Cultural Tourism
4.3. Capacity Building
4.4. Sustainable Innovation
4.5. Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic
4.6. Engaging CCIs in Crafts to Enhance the Economic Potential of Traditional Craft Products
5. Protecting Intellectual Property in Crafts
5.1. Reputation and Distinctiveness
5.2. Appearance
5.3. Know-How
5.4. European Legislation and Regulatory Efforts
- Regulation 1151/2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs provides a clear framework for the protection of designation of origin and geographical indication. Mingei serves this goal through digital certificates of craft products [104].
- Regulation 1007/2011 on textile fiber names and the marketing of the fiber composition of textile products [105].
- Directive 2001/29/EC harmonizes certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, which could have implications for protecting original designs and artistic works associated with handicrafts [106].
- European Heritage Label is an initiative that aims to highlight sites that have played a significant role in European history, culture, and integration. It could potentially cover certain handicraft traditions and techniques [107].
- Consumer Rights Directive (2011/83/EU) outlines consumers’ rights in the EU, including information requirements for distance selling, which could apply to the sale of handicrafts online [108].
- European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) support regional development, including initiatives that could benefit small businesses and artisans involved in handicrafts [109].
- The COSME Program is an EU program that supports the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and could provide resources for artisanal businesses [110].
- Circular Economy Action Plan: the EU’s focus on promoting a circular economy could impact the materials and practices used in handicrafts, encouraging sustainable and eco-friendly approaches [111].
- General Product Safety Directive (2001/95/EC) establishes the general safety requirements for consumer products in the EU, including handicrafts [112].
- Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 establishes a framework for the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs, which could extend to certain traditional handicraft products [104].
- Customs Union: the EU’s customs union and trade agreements could impact the import and export of handicrafts and related materials [113].
- Regulation 1907/2006 on the protection of human health and the environment regards chemicals that, “besides industry, are applied to chemicals in our day-to-day lives, for example in paints, clothes, and furniture” [114].
- VAT regulations: depending on the country and type of product, different VAT rates might apply to handicrafts [115].
6. Preserving Craft Practice
6.1. Current State of the Art
6.2. New Research Directions in Europe
7. Conclusions and Recommendations
7.1. Policy Recommendations
- Education and training curricula that reflect on the tradition and foster intellectual and technical innovation, increase the value of education and training programs appropriating technical aids per craft requirements, reduce training and experimentation costs, reduce the distance between instructors and students, acknowledge training, and document personal skills and contributions to the state of the craft;
- Education, training, and tutoring services that represent through re-enactments traditional techniques, tacit knowledge employed, and skill development, using immersive media and telepresence, educational environments and simulators;
- Development of design skills for new products based on traditional techniques, reusable inventories of designs and techniques in contemporary products, craft-related physical toys, and digital games;
- Fabrication aids for digital design technique development and manufacturing of physical aids and tools dedicated to specific designs and techniques together with design inventories and style adaptation tools to respond to changing trends and multiple audiences.
- Re-enactable craft representations, digitally enhanced education and training aids, and appropriation of these aids in craft-training curricula;
- New “hybrid craft” products that integrate design and craft skills, but also contemporary commodities to respond to needs for personalized items and the living environment;
- Entrepreneurship skills relevant to product promotion, reputation building, design, valorization, clientele expansion, and revival of small businesses through cultural awareness, online presence, and realistic product presentation;
- Capacity enhancement and upskilling for digital design and fabrication skills, online presentation, and promotion;
- SME growth by stimulating policy learning and building capacity to improve the implementation of regional development policies and programs.
- Recovery of lost techniques economized by simulation, eliminating implausible workflows, and then testing them in the workshop;
- Digital design for crafts and fabrication capacities economizing production and widening expression possibilities;
- Digital dimensions for added value on craft products, through online content and certificates;
- Valorize the content of traditional crafting in games and toys, which simplify dexterity challenges and provide introductory creative experiences. Craft engagement for all, as a means of expression, wellness, development, and recreation, economized by utilizing cutting-edge, haptic-enabled immersivity, and enabling the participation of elders and remote students.
7.2. Future Research Directions
- Anthropology, to provide a systematic ethnographic decomposition of craft practices and art history to understand the social and historical context of their practice;
- Cognitive science, to comprehend and model cognitive processes and perceptual stimuli in craft processes;
- Physical sciences, to support comprehension through accurate simulation of craft processes in a wide range of tools, materials, and process execution parameters;
- Computational sciences, to support AI-based generative simulations of craft processes in different contexts and to predict the outcomes of novel techniques for specific tasks and operations;
- Human–computer interaction, to support realistic training of craft practice through immersive technologies integrating haptic actuation and feedback.
7.3. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Requirement | Material |
---|---|
Ethics | European Commission’s ethics self-assessment guidance, Ethics Appraisal Procedure |
Data protection | GDPR law and additional national laws |
Health and safety | Usage guidelines and safety warnings of devices used in the digitization project, EU and national laws for the transportation of goods, use of machinery, and manned or unmanned vehicles |
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Partarakis, N.; Zabulis, X. Safeguarding Traditional Crafts in Europe. Encyclopedia 2023, 3, 1244-1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3040090
Partarakis N, Zabulis X. Safeguarding Traditional Crafts in Europe. Encyclopedia. 2023; 3(4):1244-1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3040090
Chicago/Turabian StylePartarakis, Nikolaos, and Xenophon Zabulis. 2023. "Safeguarding Traditional Crafts in Europe" Encyclopedia 3, no. 4: 1244-1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3040090
APA StylePartarakis, N., & Zabulis, X. (2023). Safeguarding Traditional Crafts in Europe. Encyclopedia, 3(4), 1244-1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3040090