Gambling and Gaming in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 Lockdown
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Survey Tools
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Changes to Gaming and Gambling Activities
2.3.2. Changes to Wellbeing
2.3.3. Path Analysis of Problem Gaming, Problem Gaming and Wellbeing over Time
3. Results
3.1. Demographics and Participation Rates
3.2. Gaming and Problem Gaming during the COVID-19 Lockdown
3.3. Gambling and Problem Gambling during the COVID-19 Lockdown
3.4. Wellbeing during the COVID-19 Lockdown—Interactions with Demographics, Gaming and Gambling
3.5. Path Analysis—Interactions between Gaming, Gambling and Wellbeing over Time
4. Discussion
4.1. Video Gaming during Lockdown
4.2. Gambling during Lockdown
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographics n = 631 | ||
---|---|---|
Media Age (SD) | 45.28 (15.33) | |
Gender F (% Female) | 319 | 50.55% |
Ethnicity: | ||
White | 521 | 82.57% |
Black/African/Caribbean/Black British | 26 | 4.12% |
Asian/Asian British | 47 | 7.45% |
Mixed/Multiple ethnic groups | 20 | 3.17% |
Other ethnic group | 15 | 2.38% |
Occupation: | ||
Full-time education | 31 | 4.91% |
Full-time employee furloughed during lockdown | 42 | 6.66% |
Full-time employee | 233 | 36.93% |
Looking after the home/family | 64 | 10.14% |
Other/Prefer not to answer | 77 | 12.20% |
Part-time employee furloughed during lockdown | 21 | 3.33% |
Part-time employee (<30 h/week) | 56 | 8.87% |
Seeking opportunities/work | 38 | 6.02% |
Self-employed | 69 | 10.94% |
Gamers/Gamblers | ||
% Plays video games | 465 | 73.69% |
% Gambled | 449 | 71.16% |
Both gambled and played games | 283 | 44.85% |
Before Lockdown | After Lockdown | Change (* = p < 0.01) | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean days played per week | 2.35 | 3.80 | 1.45 * |
Mean hours played per day | 1.54 | 2.80 | 1.26 * |
Mean in-app purchase monthly spend (n = 127) | £6.05 | £18.40 | £12.36 * |
Mean loot box monthly spend (n = 28) | £5.87 | £32.36 | £26.48 * |
Mean risky loot box index score | 15.61 | 17.89 | 2.29 |
Mean IGD score | 13.40 | 15.25 | 1.85 * |
Mean IGD scores, item-by-item | |||
Preoccupation | 1.77 | 2.25 | 0.48 * |
Irritability | 1.38 | 1.57 | 0.20 * |
Time | 1.60 | 1.94 | 0.34 * |
Loss of control | 1.35 | 1.51 | 0.16 * |
Loss of interest | 1.48 | 1.77 | 0.30 * |
Continued gaming | 1.29 | 1.35 | 0.06 |
Deception | 1.14 | 1.18 | 0.05 |
Escape | 2.29 | 2.56 | 0.27 * |
Jeopardised job/relationship | 1.10 | 1.11 | 0.00 |
Before Lockdown | After Lockdown | Change (* = p < 0.01) | Online/ Offline | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gambling Activities (% gamble every week) | ||||
Overall Weekly Gamblers | 60.36% | 56.12% | −4.23% | |
Offline Gamblers | 5.79% | 0.22% | −5.57% * | |
Online Gamblers | 16.93% | 21.16% | 4.23% | |
Individual Gambling Activities (% gamble every week) | ||||
Lottery | 36.97% | 38.31% | 1.34% | Both |
Scratchcards | 9.80% | 9.58% | −0.22% * | Both |
Online Instant Wins | 3.34% | 5.12% | 1.78% | Online |
Offline Fruit Machines | 2.90% | 0.22% | −2.67% * | Offline |
Online Fruits and Slots | 8.46% | 11.58% | 3.12% | Online |
Offline Gaming Machines | 3.12% | 0.00% | −3.12% * | Offline |
Offline Bingo | 1.34% | 0.00% | −1.34% * | Offline |
Online Bingo | 4.90% | 5.79% | 0.89% | Online |
Sports | 21.83% | 13.36% | −8.46% * | Both |
Virtual Sports | 1.78% | 2.23% | 0.45% | Online |
eSports | 0.67% | 0.89% | 0.22% | Online |
Politics Other Events | 0.45% | 0.45% | 0.00% | Both |
Offline Casino | 0.89% | 0.00% | −0.89% * | Offline |
Online Casino | 4.23% | 6.46% | 2.23% | Online |
Private Betting | 1.34% | 3.34% | 2.00% * | Both |
Other | 4.45% | 5.35% | 0.89% | Both |
PGSI: Mean Score | 0.57 | 0.49 | −0.08 | |
Problem Gambler Status | ||||
Non Problem Gamblers | 310 | 321 | 11 | |
Low Risk Gamblers | 82 | 71 | −11 | |
Moderate Risk | 43 | 47 | 4 | |
Problem Gambler | 14 | 10 | −4 |
Variable | Population | n | WEMWBS-SF | ANOVA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Change | p | ges | |||
Time | Full cohort | 631 | 23.3 | 21.3 | −2 * | 1.28 × 10−42 | 0.062 |
Sex:time | F | 319 | 23.2 | 21 | −2.2 | ||
M | 312 | 23.2 | 21.6 | −1.6 * | 6.00 × 10−3 | 0.002 | |
Maritial status:time | Co-habiting with partner | 115 | 22.9 | 21.1 | −1.8 | 7.24 × 10−1 | 0.000913 |
Divorced/separated | 43 | 23.3 | 20.9 | −2.4 | |||
In a relationship | 41 | 22.1 | 19.8 | −2.3 | |||
Married | 280 | 24.1 | 22.2 | −1.9 | |||
Prefer not to say | 7 | 24.3 | 21 | −3.3 | |||
Single | 145 | 22.2 | 20.1 | −2.1 | |||
Income:time | £10,001–£15,000 | 49 | 22.9 | 21.4 | −1.5 | 2.56 × 10−1 | 0.003 |
£15,001– £20,000 | 73 | 22.8 | 21 | −1.8 | |||
£20,001–£25,000 | 86 | 22.5 | 20.7 | −1.8 | |||
£25,001–£30,000 | 71 | 23.4 | 20.6 | −2.8 | |||
£30,001–£40,000 | 64 | 23.7 | 21.7 | −2 | |||
Above £40,000 | 75 | 23.8 | 22.2 | −1.6 | |||
Below £10,000 | 73 | 22.1 | 20.6 | −1.5 | |||
Not earning | 118 | 24.2 | 21.8 | −2.4 | |||
Prefer not to answer | 22 | 23.4 | 21.5 | −1.9 | |||
Ethnicity:time | Asian | 47 | 22.8 | 21.5 | −1.3 | 2.37 × 10−1 | 0.002 |
Black African/Caribbean | 26 | 24.2 | 21.3 | −2.9 | |||
Mixed | 20 | 23.2 | 20.4 | −2.8 | |||
Other | 17 | 21.7 | 20.6 | −1.1 | |||
White | 521 | 23.3 | 21.3 | −2 | |||
Gaming | |||||||
IGDSF9 score before:time | 3.12 × 10−1 | 0.01 | |||||
IGDSF9 score after:time | 1.10 × 10−4 | 0.03 | |||||
Gambling | |||||||
PGSI score before:time | 5.90 × 10−1 | 0.006 | |||||
PGSI score after:time | 3.45 × 10−1 | 0.003 |
Path | β (ci-low, ci-high) | p |
---|---|---|
MWBS2~MWBS1 | 0.60 (0.54, 0.66) | 0.00 |
MWBS2~SI1 | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.10) | 0.66 |
MWBS2~IGD1 | −0.07 (−0.15, 0.01) | 0.08 |
PGSI2~MWBS1 | −0.04 (−0.11, 0.04) | 0.33 |
PGSI2~PGSI1 | 0.56 (0.49, 0.63) | 0.00 |
PGSI2~IGD1 | 0.16 (0.07, 0.26) | 0.00 |
IGD2~MWBS1 | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.07) | 0.87 |
IGD2~PGSI1 | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.11) | 0.58 |
IGD2~IGD1 | 0.67 (0.61, 0.73) | 0.00 |
MWBS2~~PGSI2 | −0.21 (−0.30, −0.12) | 0.00 |
MWBS2~~IGD2 | −0.31 (−0.39, −0.23) | 0.00 |
PGSI2~~IGD2 | 0.30 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.00 |
MWBS1~~PGSI1 | −0.24 (−0.32, −0.15) | 0.00 |
MWBS1~~IGD1 | −0.32 (−0.40, −0.24) | 0.00 |
PGSI1~~IGD1 | 0.34 (0.24, 0.44) | 0.00 |
MWBS2~~MWBS2 | 0.61 (0.55, 0.67) | 0.00 |
PGSI2~~PGSI2 | 0.58 (0.51, 0.65) | 0.00 |
IGD2~~IGD2 | 0.54 (0.47, 0.60) | 0.00 |
MWBS1~~MWBS1 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | NA |
PGSI1~~PGSI1 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | NA |
IGD1~~IGD1 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | NA |
MWBS2~1 | 1.99, (1.39, 2.58) | 0.00 |
PGSI2~1 | −0.06 (−0.68, 0.57) | 0.86 |
IGD2~1 | 0.69 (0.13, 1.24) | 0.02 |
MWBS1~1 | 6.10 (5.76, 6.45) | 0.00 |
PGSI1~1 | 0.52 (0.42, 0.62) | 0.00 |
IGD1~1 | 3.19 (2.96, 3.41) | 0.00 |
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Close, J.; Spicer, S.G.; Nicklin, L.L.; Lloyd, J.; Whalley, B.; Lloyd, H. Gambling and Gaming in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 Lockdown. COVID 2022, 2, 87-101. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid2020007
Close J, Spicer SG, Nicklin LL, Lloyd J, Whalley B, Lloyd H. Gambling and Gaming in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 Lockdown. COVID. 2022; 2(2):87-101. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid2020007
Chicago/Turabian StyleClose, James, Stuart Gordon Spicer, Laura Louise Nicklin, Joanne Lloyd, Ben Whalley, and Helen Lloyd. 2022. "Gambling and Gaming in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 Lockdown" COVID 2, no. 2: 87-101. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid2020007