Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Six Months after Infection in an Outbreak with Five Hundred COVID-19 Cases in Borriana (Spain): A Prospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Participant N = 484 (%) | No-Participants N = 52 (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Female | 301 (62.2) | 32 (61.5) | 1.000 |
Age mean ± Standard Deviation | 37.2 ± 17.1 | 33.5 ± 16.7 | 0.064 |
0–24 years | 143 (29.5) | 19 (36.5) | 0.483 |
25–44 | 157 (32.4) | 17 (32.7) | |
45–64 | 166 (34.3) | 16 (30.8) | |
65 and over | 18 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Body mass index 1 Kg/m2 | |||
<18.0 | 41 (8.5) | 6 (11.5) | 0.747 |
18.0–24.9 | 210 (43.7) | 24 (46.2) | |
25.0–29.9 | 148 (30.8) | 13 (25.0) | |
≥30.0 | 85 (17.7) | 9 (17.3) | |
Occupation I-II 2,3 | 145 (30.1) | 16 (30.7) | 1.000 |
Current smoker 4 | 65 (13.9) | 12 (23.1) | 0.221 |
Physical exercise | 389 (80.4) | 24 (46.2) | 0.075 |
Alcohol beverages 5 | 108 (23.0) | 10 (19.2) | 0.604 |
Chronic illness 6 | 166 (34.6) | 14 (26.9) | 0.285 |
COVID-19 | |||
Family with COVD-19 case 7 | 303 (62.7) | 31 (59.6) | 0.554 |
Probable contact COVID-19 case 8 | 390 (81.8) | 39 (75.0) | 0.349 |
Assistance Mass Gathering events ≥ 2 and over 9 | 295 (61.0) | 16 (30.8) | 0.000 |
Hospitalisations | 9 (1.9) | 3 (5.8) | 0.101 |
PCR positive | 26 (5.4) | 13 (25.0) | NC 10 |
Asymptomatic | 54 (11.2) | 10 (19.2) | 0.111 |
Medical consultation | 208 (43.0) | 25 (48.1) | 0.556 |
Variables | Negative Antibodies N = 5 (%) | Persistent Antibodies N = 479 (%) | RR 1 | 95% CI 2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 4 (80.0) | 297 (62.0) | 0.41 | 0.05–3.66 | 0.426 |
Age mean ± standard deviation | 24.0 ± 16.7 | 37.4 ± 17.1 | 0.95 | 0.90–1.01 | 0.106 |
0–24 years | 4 (80.0) | 139 (29.0) | 0.123 | ||
25–44 | 0 | 157 (32.8) | |||
45–64 | 1 (20.0) | 165 (34.4) | |||
65 and over | 0 | 18 (3.8) | |||
O ABO 3 | 4 (80) | 195 (40.8) | 5.71 | 0.64–50.8 | 0.116 |
Vitamin D ng/mL | 28.2 ± 8.9 | 29.8 ± 9.2 | 0.98 | 0.87–1.09 | 0.687 |
Body mass index 4 Kg/m2 | 21.3 ± 2.7 | 25.0 ± 5.0 | 0.84 | 0.76–0.94 | 0.002 |
<18.0 | 1 (20.0) | 40 (8.4) | 0.038 | ||
18.0–24.9 | 4 (80.0) | 206 (43.3) | |||
25.0–29.9 | 0 | 148 (31.1) | |||
≥30.0 | 0 | 85 (17.9) | |||
Occupation I-II 5 | 1 (20.0) | 144 (30.3) | 0.57 | 0.07–5.15 | 0.624 |
Current smoker 6 | 1 (20.0) | 64 (13.8) | 1.19 | 0.37–3.82 | 0.776 |
Physical exercise | 4 (80.0) | 285 (59.5) | 2.70 | 0.30–24.08 | 0.653 |
Alcohol consumption 7 | 1 (20.0) | 107 (23.0) | 0.83 | 0.29–7.44 | 0.874 |
Chronic illness 8 | 0 | 166 (34.9) | 0.28 | 0.00–2.06 | 0.240 |
COVID-19 disease | |||||
Family with COVD-1 9 case 9 | 2 (40.0) | 301 (63.0) | 0.39 | 0.07–2.35 | 0.308 |
Probable contact COVID-19 case 10 | 2 (40.0) | 388 (82.2) | 0.15 | 0.03–0.88 | 0.044 |
Assistance Mass Gathering Events ≥ 2 and over 11 | 1 (25%) | 255 (60.6) | 0.22 | 0.02–2.10 | 0.189 |
Hospitalisations | 0 | 9 (1.9) | 7.85 | 0.00–19.23 | 1.000 |
PCR positive | 0 | 26 (5.4) | 2.61 | 0.00–57.60 | 1.000 |
Asymptomatic | 1 (20.0) | 53 (11.1) | 1.99 | 0.23–17.62 | 0.448 |
Medical consultation | 0 | 208 (43.4) | 0.19 | 0.00–1.45 | 0.121 |
Illness duration | 4.3 ± 6.7 | 10.4 ± 17.5 | 0.93 | 0.76–1.13 | 0.457 |
Post-COVID-19 | |||||
Sequelae | 0 | 159 (33.2) | 0.30 | 0.00–2.23 | 0.273 |
Health as before the disease 12 | 5 (100.0) | 397 (83.1) | 1.36 | 0.18-∞ | 0.732 |
Recover health 13 | 5 (100.0) | 390 (81.6) | 1.50 | 0.20-∞ | 0.800 |
Exposure post-COVID-19 | |||||
Social contact | 4 (80.0) | 103 (78.5) | 1.09 | 0.12–9.79 | 0.935 |
Gathering people | 0 | 25 (5.2) | 2.73 | 0.00–20.04 | 1.000 |
Trip out of Borriana 14 | 1(20.0) | 109 (22.9) | 0.85 | 0.10–7.50 | 0.880 |
Restaurant assistance | 0 | 142 (29.6) | 0.36 | 0.00–2.63 | 0.352 |
Terrace assistance 15 | 3 (60.0) | 286 (59.8) | 2.19 | 0.37–13.04 | 0.400 |
Factors | aRR | 95% CI 1 | p-Value | Pearson Goodness of Fit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Body mass index (Kg/m2) 2 | 0.87 | 0.77–0.99 | 0.037 | 0.817 |
Age (years) 3 | 0.96 | 0.91–1.00 | 0.076 | 0.971 |
Sex: Female 4 | 0.59 | 0.09–3.96 | 0.590 | 0.971 |
O ABO blood group 5 | 5.52 | 0.61–49.57 | 0.127 | 0.971 |
Occupation I-II 6 | 0.66 | 0.08–5.45 | 0.695 | 0.587 |
Current smoker 7 | 2.43 | 0.14–41.87 | 0.541 | 0.072 |
Physical exercise 7 | 3.05 | 0.36–25.71 | 0.305 | 0.999 |
Alcohol consumption 7 | 1.07 | 0.10–11.77 | 0.954 | 0.398 |
Chronic illness 8 | 0.42 | 0.00–3.35 | 0.456 | NC 9 |
COVID-19 disease | ||||
Family with COVD-19 case 10 | 0.49 | 0.08–2.85 | 0.428 | 0.540 |
Probable contact COVID-19 case 11 | 0.18 | 0.04–0.82 | 0.027 | 1.000 |
Assistance Mass Gathering Events ≥ 2 and over 12,13 | 0.20 | 0.02–1.78 | 0.150 | 0.458 |
Medical consultation 14 | 0.26 | 0.00–2.05 | 0.227 | NC 9 |
Illness duration 15 | 0.94 | 0.77–1.15 | 0.570 | 1.000 |
Variables | Increase SARS-CoV-2 N = 96 (%) | Decline SARS-CoV-2 N = 373 (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Female | 60 (62.5) | 236 (63.5) | 0.906 |
Age mean ± standard deviation | 45.3 ± 18.0 | 34.9 ± 16.3 | 0.001 |
0–24 years | 15 (15.6) | 126 (33.8) | 0.000 |
25–44 | 24 (25.0) | 131 (35.1) | |
45–64 | 47 (49.0) | 108 (29.0) | |
65 and over | 10 (10.4) | 8 (2.1) | |
O ABO 1 | 45 (46.9) | 149 (40.1) | 0.246 |
Vitamin D ng/mL | 29.4 ± 9.0 | 30.0 ± 9.3 | 0.621 |
Body mass index (Kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 5.0 | 24.5 ± 4.9 | 0.001 |
<18.0 | 6 (6.3) | 38 (10.2) | 0.001 |
18.0–24.9 | 27 (28.1) | 176 (47.2) | |
25.0–29.9 | 35 (36.5) | 107 (28.7) | |
≥30.0 | 38 (40.0) | 55 (14.7) | |
Occupation I-II 2 | 29 (30.2) | 107 (28.9) | 0.802 |
Current smoker 3 | 7 (7.5) | 56 (15.6) | 0.003 |
Physical exercise | 57 (59.4) | 222 (59.5) | 1.000 |
Alcohol beverages 4 | 24 (25.8) | 82 (22.7) | 0.583 |
Chronic illness 5 | 41 (43.2) | 123 (45.6) | 0.092 |
COVID-19 | |||
Family with COVD-19 case 6 | 63 (65.6) | 230 (61.8) | 0.555 |
Probable contact COVID-19 case 7 | 83 (89.2) | 294 (79.7) | 0.036 |
Assistance Mass Gathering Events ≥2 and over 8 | 61 (63.5) | 227 (60.9) | 0.724 |
Hospitalisations | 3 (3.1) | 6 (1.6) | 0.398 |
PCR positive | 8 (8.3) | 17 (4.6) | 0.198 |
Asymptomatic | 7 (7.3) | 46 (12.3) | 0.206 |
Medical consultation | 56 (58.3) | 144 (38.6) | 0.001 |
Illness duration | 12.0 ± 15.0 | 10 ± 18.2 | 0.034 |
Variables | aRR | 95% CI 1 | p-Value | Pearson Goodness of Fit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Body mass index (Kg/m2) 2 | 1.06 | 1.02–1.10 | 0.001 | 0.996 |
Age (years) 3 | 1.03 | 1.02–1.04 | 0.000 | 0.991 |
Current smoker 4 | 0.48 | 0.24–0.96 | 0.037 | 0.997 |
Probable contact COVID-19 case 5 | 2.04 | 1.12–3.74 | 0.022 | 0.994 |
Medical consultation 6 | 1.62 | 1.12–2.34 | 0.010 | 0.991 |
Illness duration 7 | 0.99 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.543 | 0.966 |
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Domènech-Montoliu, S.; Puig-Barberà, J.; Pac-Sa, M.R.; Vidal-Utrillas, P.; Latorre-Poveda, M.; Del Rio-González, A.; Ferrando-Rubert, S.; Ferrer-Abad, G.; Sánchez-Urbano, M.; Aparisi-Esteve, L.; et al. Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Six Months after Infection in an Outbreak with Five Hundred COVID-19 Cases in Borriana (Spain): A Prospective Cohort Study. COVID 2021, 1, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid1010006
Domènech-Montoliu S, Puig-Barberà J, Pac-Sa MR, Vidal-Utrillas P, Latorre-Poveda M, Del Rio-González A, Ferrando-Rubert S, Ferrer-Abad G, Sánchez-Urbano M, Aparisi-Esteve L, et al. Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Six Months after Infection in an Outbreak with Five Hundred COVID-19 Cases in Borriana (Spain): A Prospective Cohort Study. COVID. 2021; 1(1):71-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid1010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomènech-Montoliu, Salvador, Joan Puig-Barberà, Maria Rosario Pac-Sa, Paula Vidal-Utrillas, Marta Latorre-Poveda, Alba Del Rio-González, Sara Ferrando-Rubert, Gema Ferrer-Abad, Manuel Sánchez-Urbano, Laura Aparisi-Esteve, and et al. 2021. "Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Six Months after Infection in an Outbreak with Five Hundred COVID-19 Cases in Borriana (Spain): A Prospective Cohort Study" COVID 1, no. 1: 71-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid1010006