Comparing Psychological Wellbeing and Work-Related Quality of Life between Professional Groups within Health and Social Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Recruitment
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Descriptives and Preliminary Analysis
3.3. Comparison of Individual Occupations 2020 vs. 2021
3.4. Wellbeing and WRQOL Comparision across Occupations in Phase 1 (2020) and Phase 3 (2021)
3.5. Coping Strategies Comparision across Occupations in Phase 1 (2020) and Phase 2 (2021)
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Phase 1 (7 May–3 July 2020) | Phase 2 (10 May–5 July 2021) |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Female | 2221 (87.2%) | 1970 (88.2%) |
Male | 325 (12.8%) | 263 (11.8%) |
Age | ||
16–29 | 306 (12.0%) | 192 (8.5%) |
30–39 | 541 (21.2%) | 417 (18.6%) |
40–49 | 755 (29.6%) | 606 (27.0%) |
50–59 | 757 (29.5%) | 796 (35.4%) |
60–65 | 178 (7.0%) | 217 (9.7%) |
66+ | 17 (0.7%) | 18 (0.8%) |
Ethnic background | ||
White | 2402 (94.2%) | 2162 (96.3%) |
Black | 74 (2.9%) | 32 (1.4%) |
Asian | 29 (1.1%) | 19 (0.8%) |
Mixed | 46 (1.8%) | 32 (1.4%) |
Country of work | ||
England | 910 (35.6%) | 443 (19.7%) |
Scotland | 107 (4.2%) | 624 (27.8%) |
Wales | 147 (5.8%) | 272 (12.1%) |
Northern Ireland | 1391 (54.4%) | 909 (40.4%) |
Occupational group | ||
Nursing | 142 (5.6%) | 465 (20.7%) |
Midwifery | 139 (5.4%) | 139 (6.2%) |
Allied Health Professionals | 312 (12.2%) | 315 (14.0%) |
Social Care | 922 (36.1%) | 687 (30.6%) |
Social Work | 1040 (40.7%) | 642 (28.6%) |
Place of Work | ||
Hospital | 251 (9.8%) | 464 (20.7%) |
Community | 1451 (56.9%) | 1007 (44.9%) |
General Practice Based | 12 (0.5%) | 31 (1.4%) |
Care Home | 303 (11.9%) | 205 (9.1%) |
Day Care | 48 (1.9%) | 62 (2.8%) |
Other | 486 (19.1%) | 475 (21.2%) |
Area of Practice | ||
Children | 534 (20.9%) | 392 (17.4%) |
Midwifery | 138 (5.4%) | 140 (6.2%) |
Adults | 486 (19.0%) | 564 (25.1%) |
Physical Disability | 50 (2.0%) | 36 (1.6%) |
Learning Disability | 287 (11.2%) | 238 (10.6%) |
Older People | 603 (23.6%) | 478 (21.3%) |
Mental Health | 217 (8.5%) | 223 (9.9%) |
Other | 239 (9.4%) | 177 (7.9%) |
Number of years of work experience | ||
Less than 2 years | 211 (8.3%) | 118 (5.3%) |
2–5 years | 377 (14.8%) | 289 (12.9%) |
6–10 years | 407 (15.9%) | 309 (13.8%) |
11–20 years | 688 (26.9%) | 605 (26.9%) |
21–30 years | 575 (22.5%) | 495 (22.0%) |
More than 30 years | 297 (11.6%) | 430 (19.1%) |
Disability status | ||
Yes | 225 (8.8%) | 292 (13.0%) |
No | 2273 (89.0%) | 1891 (84.2%) |
Unsure | 57 (2.2%) | 64 (2.8%) |
Redeployed | ||
Yes | 363 (14.2%) | 303 (13.5%) |
No | 2192 (85.8%) | 1945 (86.5%) |
Variable | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Mean Difference | Phase Comparison |
---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | p-Value | |||
Wellbeing | 20.94 (3.79) | 20.18 (3.78) | −0.76 | <0.001 |
Quality of working life | 78.04 (17.51) | 71.97 (15.78) | −6.07 | <0.001 |
Coping strategies | ||||
Active coping | 6.00 (1.64) | 5.29 (1.84) | −0.71 | <0.001 |
Planning | 5.81 (1.81) | 5.53 (1.77) | −0.28 | <0.001 |
Positive reframing | 5.85 (1.65) | 5.35 (1.59) | −0.50 | <0.001 |
Acceptance | 6.39 (1.53) | 5.99 (1.48) | −0.40 | <0.001 |
Use of emotional support | 4.93 (1.76) | 4.67 (1.77) | −0.26 | <0.001 |
Use of instrumental support | 4.34 (1.83) | 4.09 (1.74) | −0.25 | <0.001 |
Venting | 3.51 (1.43) | 4.06 (1.60) | 0.55 | <0.001 |
Substance use | 2.76 (1.41) | 2.97 (1.56) | 0.21 | <0.001 |
Behavioural disengagement | 2.73 (1.25) | 3.21 (1.52) | 0.48 | <0.001 |
Self-blame | 3.42 (1.80) | 4.23 (1.87) | 0.81 | <0.001 |
Family-work segmentation | 5.14 (0.84) | 5.12 (0.86) | −0.02 | 0.577 |
Work-family segmentation | 4.67 (1.06) | 4.43 (1.25) | −0.24 | <0.001 |
Working to improve skills/efficiency | 4.49 (1.09) | 4.12 (1.15) | −0.37 | <0.001 |
Recreation and relaxation | 3.76 (1.23) | 3.45 (1.23) | −0.31 | <0.001 |
Exercise | 3.96 (1.42) | 3.34 (1.40) | −0.62 | <0.001 |
Occupation | Social Care | Social Work | Nursing | Midwifery | AHP | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | p-Value 1 | 2020 | 2021 | p-Value 1 | 2020 | 2021 | p-Value 1 | 2020 | 2021 | p-Value 1 | 2020 | 2021 | p-Value 1 | |
Wellbeing | 20.87 (3.93) | 19.82 (3.88) | <0.001 ** | 21.32 (9.34) | 19.83 (3.22) | <0.001 ** | 21.15 (3.68) | 20.57 (3.46) | 0.118 | 20.87 (3.24) | 19.28 (5.04) | <0.001 ** | 21.32 (3.31) | 20.73 (3.54) | 0.015 * |
WRQOL | 79.06 (15.65) | 70.62 (15.72) | <0.001 ** | 80.68 (13.55) | 69.92 (15.87) | <0.001 ** | 75.11 (18.64) | 73.53 (15.23) | 0.401 | 77.43 (15.28) | 64.41 (12.98) | <0.001 ** | 82.09 (12.43) | 75.03 (18.19) | <0.001 ** |
Active Coping | 5.87 (1.66) | 5.33 (1.82) | <0.001 ** | 5.96 (1.57) | 5.39 (1.70) | 0.001 * | 6.38 (1.60) | 5.20 (1.83) | <0.001 ** | 5.88 (1.51) | 5.13 (1.58) | <0.001 ** | 5.86 (1.67) | 5.87 (1.81) | 0.926 |
Planning | 5.77 (1.83) | 5.51 (1.81) | 0.030 * | 5.74 (1.67) | 5.51 (1.74) | <0.001 ** | 5.97 (1.75) | 5.44 (1.83) | 0.005 * | 5.73 (1.71) | 5.32 (1.74) | 0.012 * | 5.79 (1.72) | 5.98 (1.83) | 0.096 |
Positive reframing | 5.80 (1.69) | 5.37 (1.71) | <0.001 * | 5.88 (1.60) | 5.35 (1.72) | <0.001 ** | 5.89 (1.60) | 5.44 (1.66) | 0.009 * | 5.83 (1.44) | 5.23 (1.55) | <0.001 ** | 5.78 (1.64) | 5.78 (1.90) | 0.955 |
Acceptance | 6.31 (1.53) | 6.10 (1.51) | 0.044 * | 6.42 (1.40) | 5.84 (1.50) | <0.001 ** | 6.59 (1.43) | 5.77 (1.48) | <0.001 * | 6.11 (1.43) | 5.84 (1.44) | 0.046 * | 6.49 (1.29) | 6.53 (1.53) | 0.651 |
Use of emotional support | 4.85 (1.81) | 4.36 (1.84) | <0.001 ** | 5.33 (1.63) | 5.06 (1.63) | <0.001 ** | 5.12 (1.82) | 4.76 (1.64) | 0.042 * | 5.26 (1.91) | 4.81 (1.45) | 0.007 * | 5.39 (1.55) | 5.11 (1.84) | 0.015 * |
Use of instrumental support | 4.41 (1.74) | 3.93 (1.70) | <0.001 ** | 4.64 (1.70) | 4.52 (1.60) | 0.068 | 4.48 (1,99) | 4.36 (1.81) | 0.572 | 4.39 (2.07) | 4.58 (1.74) | 0.294 | 4.72 (1.55) | 4.19 (1.59) | <0.001 ** |
Venting | 3.34 (1.35) | 4.13 (1.68) | <0.001 ** | 3.57 (1.39) | 4.51 (1.70) | <0.001 ** | 3.97 (1.50) | 4.11 (1.61) | 0.367 | 3.66 (1.61) | 4.81 (1.37) | <0.001 ** | 3.49 (1.40) | 4.05 (1.85) | <0.001 ** |
Substance use | 2.72 (1.35) | 2.82 (1.55) | 0.266 | 2.81 (1.44) | 3.11 (1.74) | <0.001 ** | 2.78 (1.27) | 3.09 (1.59) | 0.03 * | 3.03 (178) | 3.32 (1.67) | 0.071 | 2.73 (1.30) | 2.82 (1.38) | 0.281 |
Behavioural disengagement | 2.66 (1.19) | 3.22 (1.61) | <0.001 ** | 2.63 (1.15) | 3.13 (1.43) | <0.001 ** | 2.84 (1.33) | 2.26 (1.54) | 0.05 * | 2.50 (0.91) | 3.19 (1.37) | <0.001 ** | 2.51 (1.44) | 2.99 (1.45) | <0.001 ** |
Self-blame | 3.35 (1.60) | 4.30 (1.95) | <0.001 ** | 3.30 (1.54) | 4.57 (2.00) | <0.001 ** | 3.52 (2.00) | 4.34 (1.92) | <0.001 ** | 3.99 (1.07) | 4.82 (2.05) | <0.001 ** | 3.25 (1.44) | 3.89 (2.09) | <0.001 ** |
Family-work segmentation | 5.06 (1.02) | 5.28 (0.78) | 0.001 * | 4.99 (0.86) | 4.89 (0.95) | 0.008 * | 5.36 (0.62) | 4.95 (1.04) | <0.001 ** | 4.74 (1.21) | 5.01 (0.87) | 0.010 * | 4.94 (0.89) | 5.01 (0.88) | 0.189 |
Work-family segmentation | 4.73 (1.13) | 4.46 (1.35) | 0.002 * | 4.79 (0.91) | 4.43 (1.07) | <0.001 ** | 4.72 (1.10) | 4.53 (1.13) | 0.103 | 4.39 (1.16) | 3.95 (1.24) | <0.001 ** | 4.57 (0.96) | 4.40 (1.05) | 0.011 * |
Working to improve skills/efficiency | 4.36 (1.14) | 4.67 (1.22) | <0.001 ** | 4.36 (0.98) | 4.25 (1.07) | 0.004 * | 4.75 (1.05) | 4.24 (1.11) | <0.001 ** | 4.16 (0.87) | 3.94 (1.12) | 0.018 * | 4.43 (1.03) | 4.59 (1.00) | 0.026 * |
Recreation and relaxation | 3.70 (1.24) | 3.33 (1.19) | <0.001 | 4.04 (1.11) | 3.66 (1.16) | <0.001 ** | 3.82 (1.18) | 3.54 (1.21) | 0.03 * | 3.35 (1.33) | 2.86 (1.12) | <0.001 ** | 3.94 (1.21) | 3.60 (1.28) | <0.001 ** |
Exercise | 3.63 (1.40) | 3.16 (1.32) | <0.001 | 4.03 (1.38) | 3.70 (1.41) | <0.001 ** | 4.18 (1.38) | 3.60 (1.38) | <0.001 * | 3.72 (1.35) | 3.58 (1.33) | 0.294 | 4.41 (1.19) | 3.93 (1.40) | <0.001 ** |
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Neill, R.D.; Gillen, P.; Moriarty, J.; Manthorpe, J.; Mallett, J.; Schroder, H.; Currie, D.; Nicholl, P.; Ravalier, J.; McGrory, S.; McFadden, P. Comparing Psychological Wellbeing and Work-Related Quality of Life between Professional Groups within Health and Social Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK. Merits 2022, 2, 374-386. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits2040026
Neill RD, Gillen P, Moriarty J, Manthorpe J, Mallett J, Schroder H, Currie D, Nicholl P, Ravalier J, McGrory S, McFadden P. Comparing Psychological Wellbeing and Work-Related Quality of Life between Professional Groups within Health and Social Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK. Merits. 2022; 2(4):374-386. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits2040026
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeill, Ruth D., Patricia Gillen, John Moriarty, Jill Manthorpe, John Mallett, Heike Schroder, Denise Currie, Patricia Nicholl, Jermaine Ravalier, Susan McGrory, and Paula McFadden. 2022. "Comparing Psychological Wellbeing and Work-Related Quality of Life between Professional Groups within Health and Social Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK" Merits 2, no. 4: 374-386. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits2040026