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Article

Structural Inhomogeneities and Nonlinear Phenomena in Charge Transfer under Cold Field Emission in Individual Closed Carbon Nanotubes

by
S. V. von Gratowski
1,*,
Z. Ya. Kosakovskaya
1,†,
V. V. Koledov
1,
V. G. Shavrov
1,
A. M. Smolovich
1,
A. P. Orlov
1,
R. N. Denisjuk
1,
Cong Wang
2 and
Junge Liang
3
1
Kotel’nikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics Russian Academy of Sciences, 11-7 Mokhovaya, 125009 Moscow, Russia
2
Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin 150001, China
3
Department of Electronic Engineering, Engineering Research Center of IoT Technology Applications, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Z. Ya. Kosakovskaya made a great contribution to the research and creation of this article but deceased.
Micro 2023, 3(4), 941-954; https://doi.org/10.3390/micro3040064
Submission received: 14 June 2023 / Revised: 20 October 2023 / Accepted: 24 October 2023 / Published: 5 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Microscale Materials Science)
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Abstract

The structure and phenomena arising from charge transfer in cold field emission mode in a single closed carbon nanotube (CNT) under cold field emission conditions are studied. Inhomogeneities of the structure of CNT in the form of two types of superlattices are found by studying microphotographs obtained by AFM, SEM, and TEM. The features of charge transfer in a quasi-one-dimensional carbon nanotube emitter with a small gap between the anode and cathode are studied under conditions of low-voltage field emission. It is established that the I-V characteristics reveal voltage thresholds and resonant peaks, which are associated with the opening of conduction channels in the region of van Hove singularities. In the region of peaks in the I-V characteristics, the emission current exceeds the one calculated using the Fowler–Nordheim (F-N) function by one to three orders of magnitude. The I-V characteristic is not that the curve straightens in F-N coordinates. It is found that the peaks in the I-V characteristics have distinct regions of negative differential conductivity.
Keywords: carbon nanotubes (CNTs); cold field emission of electrons; Fowler–Nordheim law; current–voltage characteristic (CVC); pointed cathodes; negative differential conductivity; van Hove singularity; superlattice carbon nanotubes (CNTs); cold field emission of electrons; Fowler–Nordheim law; current–voltage characteristic (CVC); pointed cathodes; negative differential conductivity; van Hove singularity; superlattice

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MDPI and ACS Style

von Gratowski, S.V.; Kosakovskaya, Z.Y.; Koledov, V.V.; Shavrov, V.G.; Smolovich, A.M.; Orlov, A.P.; Denisjuk, R.N.; Wang, C.; Liang, J. Structural Inhomogeneities and Nonlinear Phenomena in Charge Transfer under Cold Field Emission in Individual Closed Carbon Nanotubes. Micro 2023, 3, 941-954. https://doi.org/10.3390/micro3040064

AMA Style

von Gratowski SV, Kosakovskaya ZY, Koledov VV, Shavrov VG, Smolovich AM, Orlov AP, Denisjuk RN, Wang C, Liang J. Structural Inhomogeneities and Nonlinear Phenomena in Charge Transfer under Cold Field Emission in Individual Closed Carbon Nanotubes. Micro. 2023; 3(4):941-954. https://doi.org/10.3390/micro3040064

Chicago/Turabian Style

von Gratowski, S. V., Z. Ya. Kosakovskaya, V. V. Koledov, V. G. Shavrov, A. M. Smolovich, A. P. Orlov, R. N. Denisjuk, Cong Wang, and Junge Liang. 2023. "Structural Inhomogeneities and Nonlinear Phenomena in Charge Transfer under Cold Field Emission in Individual Closed Carbon Nanotubes" Micro 3, no. 4: 941-954. https://doi.org/10.3390/micro3040064

APA Style

von Gratowski, S. V., Kosakovskaya, Z. Y., Koledov, V. V., Shavrov, V. G., Smolovich, A. M., Orlov, A. P., Denisjuk, R. N., Wang, C., & Liang, J. (2023). Structural Inhomogeneities and Nonlinear Phenomena in Charge Transfer under Cold Field Emission in Individual Closed Carbon Nanotubes. Micro, 3(4), 941-954. https://doi.org/10.3390/micro3040064

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