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Applied Microbiology
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Article

Application of Trichoderma spp. to Antagonize Calonectria spp. That Cause Fruit Rot in Starapple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.)

by
Nguyen Quoc Khuong
1,
Chau Ly Pha
1,
Nguyen Duc Trong
1,
Le Thanh Quang
1,
Tran Nguyen Ha Vy
1,
Le Thi My Thu
1 and
Do Thi Xuan
2,*
1
Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 94000, Vietnam
2
Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 94000, Vietnam
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Microbiol. 2026, 6(7), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol6070072 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 11 April 2026 / Revised: 16 June 2026 / Accepted: 22 June 2026 / Published: 25 June 2026
Versions Notes

Abstract

Fruit rot disease is a major obstacle for starapple production in Vietnam. Therefore, the aims of the current study were (i) to identify the causing agents for fruit rot in starapple, (ii) to select isolates of Trichoderma spp. as antagonists, and (iii) to determine efficient approaches to control the disease. The pathogens were isolated from symptomatic starapple fruits collected in Can Tho City, Vietnam. The antagonists were isolated from the soils of healthy starapple farms. The three pathogenic isolates with the fastest growth (20.5–45.0 mm) and the largest infection spot (14.5–16.5 mm) were Calonectria candelabra C-SA01, C. candelabra C-SA06, and C. sulawesiensis C-SA07. Four Trichoderma isolates, T-SA01, T-SA06, T-SA10, and T-SA14, were selected because they consistently showed high antagonistic efficiency against C-SA01, C-SA06, and C-SA07 in dual-culture assays at 56.7–69.5%, 50.4–70.8%, and 62.6–69.2%, respectively. ITS-based results tentatively assigned T-SA01 to T. harzianum and T-SA06, T-SA10, and T-SA14 to T. asperellum. Under in vivo conditions, each Trichoderma sp. isolate was combined with different spraying methods. The result revealed that the four antagonists showed identical outcomes in reducing fruit rot disease. Spraying Trichoderma spp. both one day before and after inoculation resulted in the best biocontrol, with the highest disease-reducing rate at 44.2% at day 5. These newly found antagonists should be further tested in actual starapple farms to reveal their true potency.
Keywords: antagonism; Calonectria spp.; fruit rot; starapple; Trichoderma spp. antagonism; Calonectria spp.; fruit rot; starapple; Trichoderma spp.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Khuong, N.Q.; Pha, C.L.; Trong, N.D.; Quang, L.T.; Vy, T.N.H.; Thu, L.T.M.; Xuan, D.T. Application of Trichoderma spp. to Antagonize Calonectria spp. That Cause Fruit Rot in Starapple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.). Appl. Microbiol. 2026, 6, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol6070072

AMA Style

Khuong NQ, Pha CL, Trong ND, Quang LT, Vy TNH, Thu LTM, Xuan DT. Application of Trichoderma spp. to Antagonize Calonectria spp. That Cause Fruit Rot in Starapple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.). Applied Microbiology. 2026; 6(7):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol6070072

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khuong, Nguyen Quoc, Chau Ly Pha, Nguyen Duc Trong, Le Thanh Quang, Tran Nguyen Ha Vy, Le Thi My Thu, and Do Thi Xuan. 2026. "Application of Trichoderma spp. to Antagonize Calonectria spp. That Cause Fruit Rot in Starapple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.)" Applied Microbiology 6, no. 7: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol6070072

APA Style

Khuong, N. Q., Pha, C. L., Trong, N. D., Quang, L. T., Vy, T. N. H., Thu, L. T. M., & Xuan, D. T. (2026). Application of Trichoderma spp. to Antagonize Calonectria spp. That Cause Fruit Rot in Starapple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.). Applied Microbiology, 6(7), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol6070072

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