Mountain Cryosphere Landscapes in South America: Value and Protection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Context for a Changing Mountain Cryosphere
2.2. Formulation
3. Results
3.1. Shortcomings in Legislation
3.2. Landscape Protection in the Andes of Argentina–Chile?
4. Discussion
4.1. Cryosphere Value under Transformation
4.2. Shortcomings in Policy Development
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Purpose | Implementation |
---|---|---|
National park | Protection and conservation of value | Park-specific |
Natural reserve | Use and conservation (management) | The specific purpose of the reserve |
Natural monument | Absolute protection | Restricted to research and state inspection |
Country | Type | Cryosphere Protection | Name | Year of Appearance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | Law | Not included | 37th Federal Law for Climate and Energy funding | 2007 |
Argentina | Law | Glacial and periglacial environments | Law 26639: “Minimal budgets for the preservation of glaciers and periglacial environment” | 2010 |
Austria | Law | Not included | 106th Federal Law on Climate Protection | 2011 |
Iceland | Passed | Not included | Act 70 on Climate Change | 2012 |
Chile | Strategic plan | Included | National Climate Change Adaptation Plan | 2014 |
Peru | Law | Mountain environments and glaciers | Law N° 30754 on Climate Change | 2018 |
Iceland | Strategic plan | Glaciers mentioned | Iceland’s Climate Action Plan for 2018–2030 | 2018 |
EU | Regulation in force | Not included | Regulation 842 | 2018 |
EU | Strategic plan | Arctic and Boreal environments are mentioned | A Clean Planet for all | 2018 |
Argentina | Law | Glacial and periglacial environments | Law 27520: “Minimal budgets for Adaptation and Mitigation to Global Climate Change” | 2019 |
Chile | Law project | Not included | Climate change framework Law | 2020 |
EU | Strategic plan | Indirectly mentioned through reference | Forging a climate-resilient Europe—the new EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change | 2021 |
Aspects of Landscape | Description |
---|---|
A comprehensive view of nature and culture | Interaction of natural and/or cultural factors |
Internal vs. external perspective | Areas, as perceived by people |
Historical retrospection | Balance loss, fragmentation destruction, or transformation of landscape units |
Forms and processes | Action and interaction, human factors |
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Ruiz-Pereira, S.; Alvarado Peterson, V.; Trombotto Liaudat, D. Mountain Cryosphere Landscapes in South America: Value and Protection. Conservation 2023, 3, 232-246. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation3010017
Ruiz-Pereira S, Alvarado Peterson V, Trombotto Liaudat D. Mountain Cryosphere Landscapes in South America: Value and Protection. Conservation. 2023; 3(1):232-246. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation3010017
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiz-Pereira, Sebastián, Voltaire Alvarado Peterson, and Darío Trombotto Liaudat. 2023. "Mountain Cryosphere Landscapes in South America: Value and Protection" Conservation 3, no. 1: 232-246. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation3010017