Innovation and Technology in Hospitality Sector: Outcome and Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses
2.1. Innovation in the Hospitality Industry
2.2. Theories in the Context of the Hospitality Industry
Authors | Main Contributions | |
---|---|---|
The diffusion of innovations | [23] | It suggests that adopting new technologies follows a predictable pattern among individuals, organisations and communities. According to this theory, innovation diffuses among different groups following stages that make it possible to identify the response of these agents to the new technology that has been launched on the market. |
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) | [25] | Focuses on individual adoption and use of technology. Thus, behavioural intentions to use new technology are based on two main characteristics of the technology: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. For example, explaining why end users find a new technology more or less attractive in the hospitality sector could be helpful. |
Service-Dominant Logic (SDL) | [24] | It suggests that collaboration with customers can provide a competitive advantage when launching a new technology or reducing the time to develop it. Therefore, technology in the hospitality sector should enhance customer experiences and interactions rather than merely streamlining operations. |
Experience economy | [26] | Propose that customers will pay more for products or services if they receive additional experiential value. For example, in the hospitality sector, consumers tend to pay more for a product or service if they perceive that the experienced utility is higher. |
The “Internet of Things” (IoT) | [27] | Focuses on the interconnection between different technologies. Therefore, it is crucial not only to the technology itself but also to the relationships it generates. In the hospitality sector, this could offer a new frontier to analyse the adoption and perception of new technology. |
2.3. Hypothesis: Innovation Effort
2.4. Hypothesis: Innovation Outcomes
2.5. Hypothesis: Innovation Performance
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample
3.2. Measures
4. Results
4.1. Innovation Effort
4.2. Innovation Outcome
4.3. Innovation Performance
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
6.1. Theoretical Implications
6.2. Managerial Implications
6.3. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- In-house R&D (IR&D). Also called internal R&D, it includes creative work undertaken within their enterprise to increase the stock of knowledge and its use to devise new and improved products and processes (including software development).
- Extramural R&D (ER&D). Same activities as above but performed by other companies (including other enterprises within your group) or by public or private research organisations and purchased by the enterprise. It is also named external R&D.
- Acquisition of machinery, equipment and software (MAC). Acquisition of advanced machinery, equipment and computer hardware or software to produce new or significantly improved products and processes.
- Acquisition of other external knowledge (EXK). Purchase or licensing of patents and non-patented inventions, know-how and different types of knowledge from other enterprises or organisations.
- Training (TRA). Internal or external training for the personnel specifically for the development and/or introduction of new or significantly improved products and processes.
- Market introduction of innovations (MKT). Activities for the market introduction of new or significantly improved goods and services, including market research and launch advertising.
- Other preparations (PRE). Procedures and technical preparations to implement new or significantly improved products and processes that are not covered elsewhere.
- Product innovations introduce new and significantly improved goods and/or services concerning their fundamental characteristics, technical specifications, incorporated software or other immaterial components, intended uses or user-friendliness. Changes of a solely aesthetic nature and the pure sale of product innovations wholly produced and developed by other enterprises are not included.
- Process innovations are implemented in new and significantly improved production technologies or new and significantly improved methods of supplying services and delivering products. The outcome of such innovations should be significant concerning the output level, quality of products (goods or services) or production and distribution costs. Purely organisational or managerial changes are not included. Three types of process innovations are considered: (a) Manufacturing Innovation: new or significantly improved methods of manufacturing or producing goods or services; (b) Logistic Innovation: new or significantly improved logistics, delivery or distribution methods for your inputs, goods or services; (c) Support Innovation: new or significantly improved supporting activities for your processes, such as maintenance systems or operations for purchasing, accounting or computing.
- (a)
- Goods and services that were unchanged or only marginally modified (including the resale of new goods or services purchased from other enterprises;
- (b)
- Goods and service innovations that were only new to their firm;
- (c)
- Goods and service innovations that were new to their market.
- Effect1
- Increased range of goods or services;
- Effect2
- Entered new markets or increase market share;
- Effect3
- Improved quality of goods or services.
- Effect4
- Improved flexibility of production or service provision;
- Effect5
- Increased capacity of production or service provision;
- Effect6
- Reduced labour costs per unit output;
- Effect7
- Reduced materials and energy per unit output.
- Effect8
- Reduced environmental impacts or improved health and safety;
- Effect9
- Met regulatory requirements.
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n | % | |
---|---|---|
Manufacturing | 1258 | 42.0% |
Hospitality | 506 | 16.9% |
Rest of Services | 1230 | 41.1% |
Total | 2994 | 100% |
Turnover | Gross Investment in Tangible Assets | Employees | % Women | % Higher Education | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing | 239,027,479.26 | 16,394,655.85 | 603.70 | 26.4 | 13.30 |
Hospitality | 310,020,138.14 | 10,556,331.36 | 1311.40 | 54.5 | 7.40 |
Services | 195,526,552.65 | 21,374,103.76 | 1276.20 | 48.5 | 20.80 |
Total | 233,154,448.42 | 17,453,616.68 | 999.60 | 40.2 | 15.40 |
F | 3.76 | 2.74 | 27.33 | 361.84 | 85.31 |
Sig | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Variable | Scale |
---|---|
Innovation effort (fulfilment of innovation activities) In-house R&D (IR&D). Extramural R&D (ER&D). Acquisition of machinery, equipment and software (MAC). Acquisition of other external knowledge (EXK). Training (TRA). Market introduction of innovations (MKT). Other preparations (PRE). | Yes (1)–No (0) and % total expense |
Innovation outcomes Product innovation (PRDCT) Goods Services Process innovations (PRCSS) Methods Logistic Support | Yes (1)–No (0) Yes (1)–No (0) |
Innovation performance Turnover due to innovation. Firms innovating in a product are asked to distribute their total turnover among the following categories: unchanged goods and goods and service innovations new to the firm (NEWFIRM) goods and service innovations new to the market (NEWMKT) | € and % |
Product-oriented effects Efect1: Increased range of goods or services (EF1) Efect2: Entered new markets or increased market share (EF2) Efect3: Improved quality of goods or services (EF3) Process-oriented effects Efect4: Improved flexibility of production or service provision (EF4) Efect5: Increased capacity of production or service provision (EF5) Efect6: Reduced labour costs per unit output (EF6) Efect7: Reduced materials and energy per unit output (EF7) Other effects Efect8: Reduced environmental impacts or improved health and safety (EF8) Efect9: Met regulatory requirements (EF9) | (1 = not relevant; 2 = low; 3 = intermediate; 4 = high) (1 = not relevant; 2 = low; 3 = intermediate; 4 = high) (1 = not relevant; 2 = low; 3 = intermediate; 4 = high) |
Mean | S.D. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | (20) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) IR&D | 0.38 | 0.485 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
(2) ER&D | 0.24 | 0.429 | 0.525 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
(3) MAC | 0.19 | 0.392 | 0.172 ** | 0.176 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
(4) EXK | 0.05 | 0.211 | 0.128 ** | 0.136 ** | 0.244 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
(5) PRE | 0.06 | 0.241 | 0.193 ** | 0.129 ** | 0.212 ** | 0.193** | 1 | |||||||||||||||
(6) TRA | 0.13 | 0.341 | 0.332 ** | 0.268 ** | 0.347 ** | 0.243 ** | 0.327 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||||
(7) MKT | 0.11 | 0.317 | 0.304 ** | 0.203 ** | 0.277 ** | 0.171 ** | 0.364 ** | 0.362 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||
(8) PRDCT | 0.41 | 0.493 | 0.564 ** | 0.422 ** | 0.257 ** | 0.173 ** | 0.212 ** | 0.318 ** | 0.405 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||
(9) PRCSS | 0.53 | 0.499 | 0.475 ** | 0.349 ** | 0.393 ** | 0.163 ** | 0.185 ** | 0.287 ** | 0.235 ** | 0.496 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
(10) NEWFIRM | 8.22 | 21.906 | 0.181 ** | 0.133 ** | 0.090 ** | 0.072 ** | 0.074 ** | 0.087 ** | 0.135 ** | 0.446 ** | 0.226 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
(11) NEWMKT | 5.35 | 17.182 | 0.249 ** | 0.188 ** | 0.067 ** | 0.051 ** | 0.062 ** | 0.146 ** | 0.153 ** | 0.370 ** | 0.178 ** | 0.058 ** | 1 | |||||||||
(12) EF1 | 2.70 | 1.155 | 0.354 ** | 0.185 ** | 0.071 ** | 0.072 ** | 0.112 ** | 0.207 ** | 0.251 ** | 0.478 ** | 0.040 | 0.098 ** | 0.162 ** | 1 | ||||||||
(13) EF2 | 2.51 | 1.146 | 0.347 ** | 0.207 ** | 0.077 ** | 0.084 ** | 0.105 ** | 0.212 ** | 0.221 ** | 0.424 ** | 0.065 ** | 0.088 ** | 0.171 ** | 0.723 ** | 1 | |||||||
(14) EF3 | 2.97 | 1.092 | 0.245 ** | 0.169 ** | 0.105 ** | 0.085 ** | 0.067 ** | 0.170 ** | 0.170 ** | 0.375 ** | 0.126 ** | 0.120 ** | 0.138 ** | 0.519 ** | 0.544 ** | 1 | ||||||
(15) EF4 | 2.79 | 1.040 | 0.088 ** | 0.066 ** | 0.128 ** | 0.073 ** | 0.071 ** | 0.158 ** | 0.094 ** | 0.125 ** | 0.375 ** | 0.018 | 0.059 * | 0.279 ** | 0.277 ** | 0.360 ** | 1 | |||||
(16) EF5 | 2.78 | 1.056 | 0.102 ** | 0.129 ** | 0.126 ** | 0.081 ** | 0.062 ** | 0.123 ** | 0.093 ** | 0.111 ** | 0.387 ** | 0.007 | 0.047 * | 0.270 ** | 0.297 ** | 0.354 ** | 0.647 ** | 1 | ||||
(17) EF6 | 2.36 | 1.053 | 0.167 ** | 0.119 ** | 0.094 ** | 0.045 | 0.081 ** | 0.121 ** | 0.105 ** | 0.180 ** | 0.279 ** | 0.040 | 0.048 * | 0.316 ** | 0.382 ** | 0.370 ** | 0.522 ** | 0.587 ** | 1 | |||
(18) EF7 | 2.13 | 1.011 | 0.208 ** | 0.161 ** | 0.061 ** | 0.016 | 0.077 ** | 0.112 ** | 0.130 ** | 0.167 ** | 0.224 ** | 0.060 ** | 0.057 * | 0.297 ** | 0.351 ** | 0.347 ** | 0.391 ** | 0.441 ** | 0.655 ** | 1 | ||
(19) EF8 | 2.24 | 1.141 | 0.273 ** | 0.222 ** | 0.066 ** | 0.038 | 0.057 * | 0.117 ** | 0.144 ** | 0.193 ** | 0.158 ** | 0.041 | 0.088 ** | 0.330 ** | 0.373 ** | 0.395 ** | 0.277 ** | 0.346 ** | 0.419 ** | 0.579 ** | 1 | |
(20) EF9 | 2.36 | 1.181 | 0.235 ** | 0.188 ** | 0.080 ** | 0.082 ** | 0.032 | 0.144 ** | 0.110 ** | 0.206 ** | 0.162 ** | 0.033 | 0.085 ** | 0.362 ** | 0.392 ** | 0.408 ** | 0.308 ** | 0.340 ** | 0.416 ** | 0.452 ** | 0.646 ** | 1 |
In-House R&D | Other Innovation Activities Different from In-House R&D | No Innovation | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing | 63.3% | 14.5% | 22.2% | 100.0% |
Hospitality | 8.7% | 8.9% | 82.4% | 100.0% |
Services | 23.4% | 15.2% | 61.4% | 100.0% |
Total | 37.7% | 13.9% | 48.5% | 100.0% |
Sector | Innovation Activity | IR&D | ER&D | MAC | EXK | PRE | TRA | MKT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing | In-house R&D | 100 | 59 | 29 | 08 | 13 | 28 | 25 |
Other innovation activities | 00 | 44 | 53 | 07 | 11 | 15 | 18 | |
No innovation | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | |
Total | 63 | 44 | 26 | 06 | 10 | 20 | 18 | |
Hospitality | In-house R&D | 100 | 30 | 27 | 09 | 02 | 20 | 20 |
Other innovation activities | 00 | 22 | 69 | 07 | 11 | 22 | 13 | |
No innovation | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | |
Total | 09 | 05 | 08 | 01 | 01 | 04 | 03 | |
Services | In-house R&D | 100 | 41 | 24 | 09 | 11 | 29 | 20 |
Other innovation activities | 00 | 20 | 68 | 17 | 12 | 26 | 17 | |
No innovation | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | |
Total | 23 | 13 | 16 | 05 | 04 | 11 | 07 | |
Total | In-house R&D | 100 | 53 | 28 | 08 | 12 | 28 | 24 |
Other innovation activities | 00 | 31 | 62 | 12 | 12 | 21 | 17 | |
No innovation | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | |
Total | 38 | 24 | 19 | 05 | ,06 | 13 | 11 | |
F | 405.468 | 266.749 | 42.678 | 8264 | 30.16 | 48.245 | 61.291 | |
Sig | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Sector | Innovation Activity | IR&D | ER&D | MAC | EXK | PRE | TRA | MKT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing | In-house R&D | 73.84 | 11.82 | 7.67 | 1.43 | 1.65 | 0.64 | 2.96 |
Other innovation activities | 0.00 | 36.42 | 41.72 | 4.54 | 5.06 | 3.26 | 9.00 | |
Total | 60.04 | 16.42 | 14.03 | 2.01 | 2.29 | 1.13 | 4.09 | |
Hospitality | In-house R&D | 69.40 | 8.06 | 15.10 | 2.90 | 0.22 | 0.83 | 3.49 |
Other innovation activities | 0.00 | 18.51 | 54.91 | 1.63 | 8.74 | 8.94 | 7.27 | |
Total | 34.31 | 13.34 | 35.23 | 2.26 | 4.53 | 4.93 | 5.40 | |
Services | In-house R&D | 77.65 | 9.27 | 6.11 | 1.79 | 1.28 | 1.41 | 2.48 |
Other innovation activities | 0.00 | 15.49 | 54.32 | 7.00 | 6.03 | 8.77 | 8.38 | |
Total | 47.08 | 11.72 | 25.09 | 3.85 | 3.15 | 4.31 | 4.80 | |
Total | In-house R&D | 74.64 | 11.02 | 7.56 | 1.58 | 1.50 | 0.84 | 2.86 |
Other innovation activities | 0.00 | 25.05 | 48.83 | 5.33 | 5.90 | 6.36 | 8.53 | |
Total | 54.56 | 14.79 | 18.66 | 2.59 | 2.68 | 2.33 | 4.38 | |
F | 299.789 | 70.786 | 5.942 | 3.148 | 2.579 | 3.174 | 8.612 | |
Sig | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.043 | 0.076 | 0.042 | 0.000 |
Sector | Innovation Activity | IR&D | ER&D | MAC | EXK | PRE | TRA | MKT | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing | In-house R&D | 3,816,650 | 611,035 | 396,484 | 73,710 | 85,353 | 32,936 | 152,874 | 5,168,964 |
Other innovation activities | 784,100 | 898,116 | 97,664 | 108,910 | 70,231 | 193,775 | 2,152,796 | ||
Total | 2,764,741 | 756,160 | 646,332 | 92,447 | 105,378 | 51,941 | 188,224 | 4,605,166 | |
Hospitality | In-house R&D | 612,757 | 71,177 | 133,283 | 25,625 | 1,906 | 7,344 | 30,822 | 882,935 |
Other innovation activities | 156,239 | 463,484 | 13,767 | 73,768 | 75,437 | 61,351 | 844,028 | ||
Total | 296,186 | 115,202 | 304,111 | 19,506 | 39,070 | 42,562 | 46,626 | 863,263 | |
Services | In-house R&D | 6,597,182 | 787,276 | 519,305 | 152,393 | 108,439 | 120,150 | 211,038 | 8,495,783 |
Other innovation activities | 452,264 | 1,586,288 | 204,544 | 176,077 | 256,215 | 244,597 | 2,920,046 | ||
Total | 2,966,491 | 738,190 | 1,581,012 | 242,279 | 198,333 | 271,673 | 302,673 | 6,300,704 | |
Total | In-house R&D | 4,367,241 | 644,937 | 442,485 | 92,301 | 87,742 | 49,336 | 167,194 | 5,851,179 |
Other innovation activities | 590,265 | 1,150,717 | 125,695 | 138,938 | 149,914 | 201,061 | 2,356,606 | ||
Total | 2,679,802 | 726,597 | 916,514 | 127,092 | 131,717 | 114,303 | 215,292 | 4,911,291 |
No Product No Process | Product No Process | No Product Process | Product Process | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing | 20.19 % | 9.54% | 17.5% | 53.58% |
Hospitality | 67.6% | 4.3% | 17.4% | 10.7% |
Services | 49% | 7% | 20.4% | 23.6% |
Innovation | Product (Good and/or Service) | Good | Service | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing | In-house R&D | 82 | 78 | 32 |
Other innovation activities | 51 | 45 | 15 | |
No innovation | 16 | 14 | 5 | |
Total | 63 | 59 | 23 | |
Hospitality | In-house R&D | 57 | 48 | 27 |
Other innovation activities | 33 | 29 | 18 | |
No innovation | 9 | 5 | 6 | |
Total | 15 | 11 | 9 | |
Services | In-house R&D | 68 | 39 | 59 |
Other innovation activities | 52 | 19 | 48 | |
No innovation | 11 | 5 | 8 | |
Total | 31 | 15 | 26 | |
Total | In-house R&D | 77 | 67 | 39 |
Other innovation activities | 50 | 32 | 30 | |
No innovation | 11 | 7 | 7 | |
Total | 41 | 33 | 22 |
ClasiID | Proc_Inno | Man_Inno | Log_Inno | Sup_Inno | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing | In-house R&D | 84 | 73 | 32 | 52 |
Other innovation activities | 77 | 51 | 22 | 44 | |
No innovation | 28 | 14 | 7 | 18 | |
Total | 71 | 56 | 25 | 43 | |
Hospitality | In-house R&D | 77 | 50 | 25 | 48 |
Other innovation activities | 91 | 24 | 40 | 69 | |
No innovation | 16 | 2 | 6 | 13 | |
Total | 28 | 8 | 11 | 21 | |
Services | In-house R&D | 80 | 42 | 17 | 66 |
Other innovation activities | 87 | 27 | 20 | 77 | |
No innovation | 20 | 5 | 2 | 16 | |
Total | 44 | 17 | 9 | 37 | |
Total | In-house R&D | 83 | 64 | 28 | 55 |
Other innovation activities | 83 | 37 | 23 | 62 | |
No innovation | 20 | 6 | 4 | 16 | |
Total | 53 | 32 | 16 | 37 |
G/S Unchanged | Innovations New to the Firm | Innovations New to the Market | |
---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing | 69.45 | 18.25 | 12.30 |
Hospitality | 54.99 | 35.31 | 9.69 |
Services | 65.13 | 20.03 | 14.84 |
Total | 67.26 | 19.83 | 12.91 |
F | 198.944 | 24.099 | 26.756 |
Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Product | Process | Other | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sector | Innovate | Efect1 | Efect2 | Efect3 | Efect4 | Efect5 | Efect6 | Efect7 | Efect8 | Efect9 |
Manufacturing | In-house R&D | 3.15 | 2.97 | 3.22 | 2.86 | 2.89 | 2.63 | 2.48 | 2.69 | 2.70 |
Other innovation activities | 2.31 | 2.11 | 2.63 | 2.52 | 2.74 | 2.25 | 2.13 | 2.13 | 2.13 | |
No innovation | 2.27 | 2.16 | 2.65 | 2.47 | 2.61 | 2.30 | 2.13 | 2.21 | 2.12 | |
Total | 2.93 | 2.75 | 3.07 | 2.77 | 2.84 | 2.54 | 2.39 | 2.55 | 2.55 | |
Hospitality | In-house R&D | 2.89 | 2.73 | 2.82 | 2.75 | 2.77 | 2.34 | 2.20 | 2.55 | 2.66 |
Other innovation activities | 1.98 | 2.00 | 2.58 | 3.00 | 2.91 | 2.42 | 1.91 | 1.80 | 2.13 | |
No innovation | 1.93 | 1.86 | 2.27 | 2.83 | 2.67 | 2.04 | 1.73 | 1.70 | 1.78 | |
Total | 2.19 | 2.12 | 2.49 | 2.85 | 2.76 | 2.22 | 1.90 | 1.95 | 2.10 | |
Services | In-house R&D | 2.78 | 2.49 | 3.17 | 2.90 | 2.84 | 2.19 | 1.86 | 1.96 | 2.27 |
Other innovation activities | 2.36 | 2.12 | 2.96 | 2.91 | 2.70 | 2.11 | 1.68 | 1.70 | 2.10 | |
No innovation | 2.13 | 1.88 | 2.55 | 2.55 | 2.49 | 2.00 | 1.77 | 1.68 | 1.87 | |
Total | 2.48 | 2.21 | 2.93 | 2.80 | 2.70 | 2.12 | 1.78 | 1.81 | 2.11 | |
Total | In-house R&D | 3.04 | 2.84 | 3.19 | 2.86 | 2.87 | 2.51 | 2.31 | 2.50 | 2.59 |
Other innovation activities | 2.29 | 2.10 | 2.77 | 2.75 | 2.74 | 2.21 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 2.12 | |
No innovation | 2.12 | 1.95 | 2.51 | 2.59 | 2.56 | 2.09 | 1.86 | 1.82 | 1.92 | |
Total | 2.70 | 2.51 | 2.97 | 2.79 | 2.78 | 2.36 | 2.13 | 2.24 | 2.36 |
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Molina-Castillo, F.-J.; Meroño-Cerdán, A.-L.; Lopez-Nicolas, C.; Fernandez-Espinar, L. Innovation and Technology in Hospitality Sector: Outcome and Performance. Businesses 2023, 3, 198-219. https://doi.org/10.3390/businesses3010014
Molina-Castillo F-J, Meroño-Cerdán A-L, Lopez-Nicolas C, Fernandez-Espinar L. Innovation and Technology in Hospitality Sector: Outcome and Performance. Businesses. 2023; 3(1):198-219. https://doi.org/10.3390/businesses3010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleMolina-Castillo, Francisco-Jose, Angel-Luis Meroño-Cerdán, Carolina Lopez-Nicolas, and Laura Fernandez-Espinar. 2023. "Innovation and Technology in Hospitality Sector: Outcome and Performance" Businesses 3, no. 1: 198-219. https://doi.org/10.3390/businesses3010014