Levels and Pattern of Alcohol Consumption among Adolescents in Bolivia: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in 2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Measures
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Adjusted Associations with Current Alcohol Use and Heavy Drinking
3.2. Adjusted Associations with History of Intoxication and Trouble from Alcohol Use
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Question | Response Options (Coding Scheme) |
---|---|---|
Age | “How old are you?” | 11 years old or younger to 18 years old or older |
Sex | “What is your sex?” | Male, Female |
Hunger | “During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home?” | 1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1) |
Current alcohol use | “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you have at least one drink containing alcohol? (This includes drinking beer, wine, singani, rum, vodka, whisky, chichi, or guarapo. Drinking alcohol does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes. A ‘drink’ is a glass of wine, a bottle of beer, a small glass of liquor, or a mixed drink).” | 1 = 0 days to 7 = All 30 days (coded 1 = 0 and 2–7 = 1) |
Heavy alcohol use (≥2 drinks/day) | “During the past 30 days, on the days you drink alcohol, how many drinks did you usually drink per day?” | 1 = Did not drink in the past 30 days to 7 = 5 or more drinks (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–7 = 1) |
Ever drunk | “During your life, how many times did you drink so much alcohol that you were really drunk?” | 1 = 0 times to 4 = 10 or more times (coded 1 = 0 and 2–4 = 1) |
Trouble from alcohol use | “During your life, how many times have you got into trouble with your family or friends, missed school, or got into fights, as a result of drinking alcohol?” | 1 = 0 times to 4 = 10 or more times (coded 1 = 0 and 2–4 = 1) |
Sources of alcohol | “During the past 30 days, how did you usually get the alcohol you drank?” | 1= I did not drink alcohol during the past 30 days to 8 = I got it some other way |
Cannabis use | “During the past 30 days, how many times have you used marijuana (also called maria juana, yerba, or mota)? “ | 1 = 0 times to 5 = 20 or more times (coded 1 = 0 and 2–5 = 1) |
Amphetamine use | “During your life, how many times have you used amphetamines or methamphetamines (also called pastillas or pepas)?” | 1 = 0 times to 5 = 20 or more times (coded 1 = 0 and 2–5 = 1) |
Multiple sexual partners | “During your life, with how many people have you had sexual intercourse?” | 1 = I have never had sexual intercourse to 7 = 6 or more people (coded 0–1 = 0 and 2–7 = 1) |
Soft drink consumption | “During the past 7 days, how many times did you drink a can, bottle, or glass of a carbonated soft drink, such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola, Fanta, Papaya Salvieti or Kinoto? (Do not include diet soft drinks.)” | 1 = not in the past 7 days to 7 = 5 or more times per day (coded 1–2 = 0 and 3–7 = 1) |
Fast food consumption | “During the past 7 days, on how many days did you eat food from a fast food restaurant, such as Burger King, Pollos Copacabana, Dumbo, Toby’s or Pizza Elli’s?” | 0–7 days (coded 0–1 day = 0 and 3–7 days = 1) |
School truancy | “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you miss classes or school without permission?” | 1 = 0 days to 5 = 10 or more days (coded 1 = 0 and 2–5 = 1) |
In a physical fight | “During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight?” | 1 = 0 times to 8 = 12 or more times (coded 1 = 0 and 2–8 = 1) |
Physically attacked | “During the past 12 months, how many times were you physically attacked?” | 1 = 0 times to 8 = 12 or more times (coded 1 = 0 and 2–8 = 1) |
Injury | “During the past 12 months, how many times were you seriously injured?” | 1 = 0 times to 8 = 12 or more times (coded 1 = 0 and 2–8 = 1) |
Bullied in school | “During the past 12 months, have you ever been bullied on school property?” | Yes/No (coded 0 = no, 1 = yes) |
Bullied outside school | “During the past 12 months, have you ever been bullied when you were not on school property?” | Yes/No (coded 0 = no, 1 = yes) |
Cyber bullied | “During the past 12 months, have you ever been cyber bullied?” | Yes/No (coded 0 = no, 1 = yes) |
Sedentary behaviour | “How much time do you spend during a typical or usual day sitting and watching television, playing computer games, talking with friends, or doing other sitting activities, such as playing with the mobile phone or videogames (when you are not at school or doing homework)?” | 1 =< 1 h/day to 6 => 8 h/day (coded < 3 h/day = 0 and ≥3 h/day = 1) |
Psychological distress | ||
Anxiety | “During the past 12 months, how often have you been so worried about something that you could not sleep at night?” | 1 = never to 5 = always |
Loneliness | “During the past 12 months, how often have you felt lonely?” | 1 = never to 5 = always |
Protective factors | ||
Peer support | “During the past 30 days, how often were most of the students in your school kind and helpful?” | 1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1) |
Parental supervision | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians check to see if your homework was done?” | 1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1) |
Parental connectedness | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians understand your problems and worries?” | 1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1) |
Parental bonding | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians really know what you were doing with your free time? | 1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1) |
Parental respect for privacy | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians go through your things without your approval?” | 1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1) |
Variable | Sample | Current Alcohol | Two or More Drinks/Day | Ever Drunk | Trouble from Alcohol Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | % | % | % | % | |
All | 7931 | 26.4 | 11.1 | 24.1 | 21.4 |
Age in years | |||||
≤14 | 2366 (30.5) | 18.4 | 6.2 | 13.7 | 15.1 |
15 | 1593 (20.4) | 23.2 | 9.7 | 18.8 | 20.5 |
16 | 1591 (19.9) | 25.9 | 11.6 | 25.2 | 21.6 |
≥17 | 2286 (29.3) | 36.7 | 16.6 | 37.8 | 28.0 |
Sex | |||||
Female | 3763 (49.3) | 24.6 | 10.1 | 21.0 | 20.6 |
Male | 4041 (50.7) | 27.5 | 11.7 | 26.6 * | 21.5 |
Hunger | 317 (4.1) | 33.2 | 16.0 | 31.2 | 32.1 |
Current cannabis use | 574 (7.8) | 67.4 | 37.1 | 67.3 | 62.1 |
Ever amphetamine use | 312 (4.5) | 67.7 | 31.1 | 69.5 | 70.5 |
Sex partners (≥two) | 949 (13.1) | 54.7 | 31.5 | 57.7 | 38.7 |
Soft drink consumption | 2625 (33.7) | 29.2 | 12.6 | 26.0 | 24.9 |
Fast food consumption | 2623 (32.9) | 34.5 | 15.8 | 30.4 | 26.8 |
School truancy | 3112 (40.8) | 36.4 | 16.2 | 34.9 | 32.2 |
Bullied in school | 1824 (24.7) | 27.9 | 11.0 | 25.2 | 26.1 |
Bullied outside school | 1641 (21.7) | 32.8 | 12.8 | 29.0 | 32.2 |
Cyberbullied | 1615 (21.4) | 34.1 | 14.2 | 31.6 | 30.8 |
In physical fight | 2370 (30.6) | 42.1 | 18.3 | 37.3 | 35.0 |
Physically attacked | 2208 (28.6) | 36.2 | 15.0 | 33.5 | 34.4 |
Injury | 3738 (52.1) | 31.9 | 13.2 | 29.1 | 26.8 |
Sedentary behaviour | 2356 (31.6) | 32.6 | 16.5 | 29.8 | 26.2 |
Psychological distress | 1634 (22.3) | 35.8 | 16.1 | 33.1 | 30.8 |
Peer support | 2617 (34.4) | 26.3 | 12.1 | 23.7 | 18.2 |
Parental support | |||||
0–1 | 3659 (51.6) | 30.2 | 11.9 | 28.8 | 27.9 |
2 | 1595 (22.0) | 26.0 | 12.3 | 22.6 | 17.9 |
3–4 | 1896 (26.4) | 17.5 | 7.6 | 15.0 | 9.9 |
Variable | Current Alcohol Use | Alcohol 2+ Per Day | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |
APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | |
Age (years) | 1.20 (1.11 to 1.29) *** | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.21) * | 1.19 (1.07 to 1.33) ** | 1.10 (0.97 to 1.24) |
Hunger | 0.74 (0.53 to 1.10) | 1.17 (0.79 to 1.72) | 0.85 (0.37 to 1.93) | 0.73 (0.36 to 1.46) |
Current cannabis use | 1.44 (1.10 to 1.87) ** | 1.02 (0.61 to 1.70) | 2.21 (1.56 to 3.11) *** | 1.58 (0.79 to 3.13) |
Ever amphetamine use | 1.19 (0.83 to 1.72) | 1.25 (0.68 to 2.27) | 1.28 (0.86 to 1.91) | 1.25 (0.51 to 3.09) |
Sex partners (≥two) | 1.61 (1.33 to 1.94) *** | 1.68 (1.34 to 2.11) | 2.13 (1.57 to 2.87) *** | 2.60 (1.65 to 4.10) *** |
Soft drink consumption | 1.04 (0.86 to 1.25) | 1.18 (0.99 to 1.42) | 1.26 (1.07 to 1.48) *** | 1.13 (0.36 to 1.46) |
Fast food consumption | 1.23 (0.98 to 1.52) | 1.31 (1.04 to 1.65) * | 1.28 (0.88 to 1.87) | 1.22 (0.87 to 1.72) |
School truancy | 1.23 (1.08 to 1.39) ** | 1.26 (1.05 to 1.51) * | 1.00 (0.65 to 1.53) | 1.51 (1.06 to 2.16) * |
Bullied | ||||
No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
1 type | 0.96 (0.74 to 1.25) | 1.04 (0.80 to 1.35) | 0.94 (0.61 to 1.44) | 0.94 (0.71 to 1.26) |
2–3 types | 1.10 (0.86 to 1.42) | 1.09 (0.83 to 1.43) | 1.40 (0.89 to 2.20) | 0.90 (0.56 to 1.46) |
In physical fight | 1.75 (1.35 to 1.66) *** | 1.49 (1.17 to 1.91) ** | 2.01 (1.37 to 2.93) *** | 1.32 (0.89 to 1.97) |
Physically attacked | 1.08 (0.91 to 1.30) | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.20) | 0.88 (0.60 to 1.30) | 1.05 (0.74 to 1.49) |
Injury | 1.31 (1.03 to 1.66) * | 1.24 (0.97 to 1.60) | 1.36 (0.89 to 2.07) | 1.36 (0.89 to 2.07) |
Sedentary behaviour | 1.06 (0.81 to 1.38) | 1.19 (0.98 to 1.45) | 1.34 (0.91 to 1.98) | 1.99 (1.56 to 2.53) *** |
Psychological distress | 1.36 (1.13 to 1.65) ** | 1.40 (1.14 to 1.70) ** | 1.37 (0.95 to 1.99) | 1.40 (0.90 to 2.16) |
Peer support | 1.11 (0.87 to 1.41) | 1.22 (0.99 to 1.52) | 1.13 (0.77 to 1.66) | 1.34 (0.96 to 1.88) |
Parental support | ||||
0–1 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
2 | 0.65 (0.48 to 0.87) ** | 1.09 (0.85 to 1.39) | 0.80 (0.49 to 1.30) | 1.14 (0.87 to 1.49) |
3–4 | 0.80 (0.60 to 1.07) | 0.86 (0.64 to 1.16) | 0.87 (0.56 to 1.37) | 0.75 (0.47 to 1.20) |
Variable | Ever Drunk | Trouble from Alcohol Use | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |
APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | |
Age (years) | 1.35 (1.24 to 1.47) *** | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.22) *** | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.20) * | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.22) ** |
Hunger | 1.02 (0.72 to 1.45) | 0.80 (0.48 to 1.35) | 0.86 (0.51 to 1.46) | 0.79 (0.49 to 1.27) |
Current cannabis use | 1.40 (1.12 to 1.74) ** | 2.00 (1.45 to 2.75) *** | 1.63 (1.23 to 2.17) *** | 1.55 (1.12 to 2.16) ** |
Ever amphetamine use | 1.45 (1.00 to 1.54) * | 1.57 (0.95 to 2.59) | 1.21 (0.83 to 1.77) | 1.70 (1.16 to 2.50) ** |
Sex partners (≥two) | 1.53 (1.23 to 1.91) *** | 2.04 (1.54 to 2.70) *** | 1.44 (1.15 to 1.81) ** | 1.44 (1.02 to 1.58) * |
Soft drink consumption | 0.93 (0.74 to 1.16) | 1.02 (0.80 to 1.31) | 0.95 (0.78 to 1.16) | 1.27 (1.02 to 1.58) * |
Fast food consumption | 1.24 (1.01 to 1.53) * | 1.06 (0.85 to 1.33) | 1.21 (0.97 to 1.51) | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.23) |
School truancy | 1.48 (1.21 to 1.81) *** | 1.54 (1.29 to 1.84) *** | 1.61 (1.28 to 2.03) *** | 1.88 (1.52 to 2.33) *** |
Bullied | ||||
No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
1 type | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.20) | 0.94 (0.68 to 1.30) | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.42) | 1.34 (1.00 to 1.80) * |
2–3 types | 1.13 (0.82 to 1.56) | 0.68 (0.49 to 0.96) * | 1.20 (0.95 to 1.50) | 1.16 (0.88 to 1.52) |
In physical fight | 1.41 (1.11 to 1.78) ** | 1.16 (0.85 to 1.59) | 1.16 (0.88 to 1.52) | 1.23 (0.97 to 1.55) |
Physically attacked | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.20) | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.31) | 1.23 (0.95 to 1.61) | 1.09 (0.90 to 1.33) |
Injury | 1.24 (1.00 to 2.09) * | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.53) | 1.63 (1.16 to 2.28) ** | 1.26 (0.94 to 1.68) |
Sedentary behaviour | 1.12 (0.90 to 1.39) | 1.29 (1.04 to 1.60) * | 1.24 (0.96 to 1.61) | 0.96 (0.76 to 1.20) |
Psychological distress | 1.05 (0.85 to 1.31) | 1.40 (1.15 to 1.70) *** | 1.10 (0.86 to 1.40) | 1.28 (1.02 to 1.61) * |
Peer support | 1.36 (1.06 to 1.73) * | 1.32 (1.03 to 1.69) | 1.15 (0.94 to 1.41) | 1.20 (0.94 to 1.54) |
Parental support | ||||
0–1 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
2 | 0.77 (0.57 to 1.03) | 0.87 (0.70 to 1.09) | 0.55 (0.40 to 0.77) *** | 0.68 (0.51 to 0.91) * |
3–4 | 0.73 (0.55 to 0.97) * | 0.63 (0.46 to 0.87) ** | 0.66 (0.50 to 0.86) ** | 0.52 (0.36 to 0.74) *** |
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Luwedde, E.; Peltzer, K. Levels and Pattern of Alcohol Consumption among Adolescents in Bolivia: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in 2018. Adolescents 2023, 3, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010001
Luwedde E, Peltzer K. Levels and Pattern of Alcohol Consumption among Adolescents in Bolivia: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in 2018. Adolescents. 2023; 3(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuwedde, Esther, and Karl Peltzer. 2023. "Levels and Pattern of Alcohol Consumption among Adolescents in Bolivia: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in 2018" Adolescents 3, no. 1: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010001