Gendered Analysis of Cyberbullying Victimization and Its Associations with Suicidality: Findings from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cyberbullying, Suicidality, and Depression
1.2. Gendered Risks for Suicidality: Sexual Violence and Sexual Orientation
1.3. Theoretical Foundations
1.4. Study Objectives
1.5. Study Hypotheses
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mediation Analyses
3.2. Logistic Multiple Regression
3.3. CV and Sexual Violence Interaction Effects
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Unwt No. (Wt %) Total Sample (n = 10,309) | Unwt No. (Wt %) Female Subsample (n = 5333) | Unwt No. (Wt %) Male Subsample (n = 4976) | Chi-Square (df) p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
12 years or younger | 19 (0.1) | |||
13 years old | 9 (0.01) | |||
14 years old | 1176 (11.7) | |||
15 years old | 2613 (24.9) | |||
16 years old | 2769 (25.7) | |||
17 years old | 2426 (23.9) | |||
18 years or older | 1289 (13.6) | |||
Gender | ||||
Girls | 5333 (50.1) | - | - | - |
Boys | 4976 (49.9) | - | - | - |
Sexual Orientation | ||||
Heterosexual | 8216 (84.6) | 3900 (77.8) | 4316 (91.4) | 439.80 (3) |
Gay or lesbian | 278 (2.5) | 152 (2.8) | 126 (2.3) | p < 0.001 *** |
Bisexual | 888 (8.8) | 732 (14.1) | 156 (3.6) | |
Not sure | 399 (4.0) | 264 (5.4) | 135 (2.7) | |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 5408 (54.9) | 2787 (54.2) | 2621 (55.6) | 8.22 (3) |
Black, non-Hispanic | 1220 (9.1) | 631 (8.6) | 589 (9.5) | p < 0.05 * |
Hispanic/Latino | 2362 (25.6) | 1251 (26.7) | 1111 (24.5) | |
Other races | 1099 (10.4) | 568 (10.5) | 531 (10.4) | |
Grade Level | ||||
9th grade | 2704 (26.5) | 1436 (26.1) | 1268 (26.9) | 1.10 (3) |
10th grade | 2813 (25.6) | 1466 (25.8) | 1347 (25.4) | p = 0.78 |
11th grade | 2514 (24.2) | 1275 (24.3) | 1239 (24.1) | |
12th grade | 2236 (23.7) | 1139 (23.8) | 1097 (23.6) | |
CV | 1644 (16.0) | 1104 (20.7) | 540 (11.3) | 183.82 (1) p < 0.001 *** |
Suicidality | 2211 (20.1) | 1422 (25.2) | 789 (15.0) | 184.28 (1) p < 0.001 *** |
Depression | 3865 (37.5) | 2499 (47.4) | 1366 (27.6) | 471.82 (1) p < 0.001 *** |
SV | 975 (10.7) | 733 (16.6) | 242 (4.9) | 361.01 (1) p < 0.001 *** |
Binge Drinking | 1201 (14.1) | 662 (15.1) | 539 (13.1) | 8.40 (1) p < 0.01 ** |
Illicit Drug Use | 1185 (13.6) | 567 (13.2) | 618 (14.0) | 1.39 (1) p = 0.24 |
Violence Engagement | 2020 (21.4) | 756 (15.1) | 1264 (27.9) | 253.058 (1) p < 0.001 *** |
OR (95% CI) p Value | Model 1 AOR (95% CI) p Value | Model 2 AOR (95% CI) p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
(a) | |||
CV | 3.55 (3.18, 3.96) p < 0.001 *** | 3.18 (2.82, 3.59) p < 0.001 *** | 1.64 (1.39, 1.93) p < 0.001 *** |
Gender | |||
Boys (ref) | - | - | - |
Girls | - | 1.41 (1.26, 1.57) p < 0.001 *** | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) p = 0.23 |
Sexual Orientation | |||
Heterosexual (ref) | - | - | - |
Gay or lesbian | - | 3.97 (3.06, 5.14) p < 0.001 *** | 3.47 (2.44, 4.92) p < 0.001 *** |
Bisexual | - | 4.95 (4.26, 5.75) p < 0.001 *** | 3.78 (3.11, 4.60) p < 0.001 *** |
Not sure | - | 2.71 (2.18, 3.37) p < 0.001 *** | 2.48 (1.85, 3.32) p < 0.001 *** |
Race/Ethnicity | |||
White (ref) | - | - | - |
Black | - | 1.26 (1.04, 1.51) p < 0.05 * | 1.28 (0.99, 1.64) p = 0.06 |
Hispanic/Latino | - | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) p = 0.91 | 0.80 (0.68, 0.94) p < 0.01 ** |
Other races | - | 1.35 (1.15, 1.59) p < 0.001 *** | 1.40 (1.13, 1.74) p < 0.01 ** |
Grade Level | |||
9th grade (ref) | - | - | - |
10th grade | - | 1.06 (0.91, 1.22) p = 0.47 | 0.95 (0.78, 1.14) p = 0.56 |
11th grade | - | 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) p = 0.24 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.19) p = 0.88 |
12th grade | - | 1.17 (1.01, 1.35) p < 0.05 * | 0.98 (0.81, 1.19) p = 0.85 |
Depression | - | - | 11.14 (9.50, 13.05) p < 0.001 *** |
SV | - | - | 1.55 (1.27, 1.88) p < 0.001 *** |
Binge Drinking | - | - | 1.12 (0.93, 1.34) p = 0.25 |
Illicit Drug Use | - | - | 2.00 (1.66, 2.41) p < 0.001 *** |
Violence Engagement | - | - | 1.67 (1.42, 1.96) p < 0.001 *** |
(b) | |||
CV | 3.02 (2.64, 3.46) p < 0.001 *** | 3.07 (2.64, 3.58) p < 0.001 *** | 1.71 (1.39, 2.10) p < 0.001 *** |
Sexual Orientation | |||
Heterosexual (ref) | - | - | - |
Gay or lesbian | - | 4.53 (3.21, 6.40) p < 0.001 *** | 4.25 (2.67, 6.78) p < 0.001 *** |
Bisexual | - | 4.33 (3.65, 5.14) p < 0.001 *** | 3.15 (2.52, 3.95) p < 0.001 *** |
Not sure | - | 2.60 (2.00, 3.38) p < 0.001 *** | 2.37 (1.67, 3.35) p < 0.001 *** |
Race/Ethnicity | |||
White (ref) | - | - | - |
Black | - | 1.51 (1.18, 1.93) p < 0.001 *** | 1.68 (1.20, 2.34) p < 0.01 ** |
Hispanic/Latino | - | 1.11 (0.95, 1.31) p = 0.19 | 0.89 (0.72, 1.09) p = 0.26 |
Other races | - | 1.42 (1.14, 1.77) p < 0.05 * | 1.74 (1.30, 2.34) p < 0.001 *** |
Grade Level | |||
9th grade (ref) | - | - | - |
10th grade | - | 1.01 (0.83, 1.21) p = 0.95 | 0.84 (0.66, 1.08) p = 0.17 |
11th grade | - | 0.98 (0.81, 1.19) p = 0.87 | 0.84 (0.65, 1.08) p = 0.17 |
12th grade | - | 1.09 (0.90, 1.31) p = 0.40 | 0.88 (0.68, 1.14) p = 0.35 |
Depression | - | - | 13.08 (10.36, 16.51) p < 0.001 *** |
SV | - | - | 1.60 (1.28, 1.99) p < 0.001 *** |
Binge Drinking | - | - | 1.46 (1.15, 1.85) p < 0.01 ** |
Illicit Drug Use | - | - | 1.61 (1.25, 2.07) p < 0.001 *** |
Violence Engagement | - | - | 1.65 (1.30, 2.09) p < 0.001 *** |
(c) | |||
CV | 3.84 (3.19, 4.61) p < 0.001 *** | 3.53 (2.89, 4.32) p < 0.001 *** | 1.71 (1.30, 2.26) p < 0.001 *** |
Sexual Orientation | |||
Heterosexual (ref) | - | - | - |
Gay or lesbian | - | 3.31 (2.21, 4.97) p < 0.001 *** | 2.82 (1.62, 4.91) p < 0.001 *** |
Bisexual | - | 7.71 (5.64, 10.56) p < 0.001 *** | 7.89 (5.13, 12.12) p < 0.001 *** |
Not sure | - | 2.87 (1.96, 4.20) p < 0.001 *** | 2.63 (1.51, 4.58) p < 0.001 *** |
Race/Ethnicity | |||
White (ref) | - | - | - |
Black | - | 1.01 (0.75, 1.35) p = 0.97 | 0.96 (0.65, 1.43) p = 0.85 |
Hispanic/Latino | - | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) p = 0.27 | 0.74 (0.57, 0.96) p < 0.05 * |
Other races | - | 1.27 (0.99, 1.64) p = 0.06 | 1.16 (0.84, 1.61) p = 0.37 |
Grade Level | |||
9th grade (ref) | - | - | - |
10th grade | - | 1.13 (0.90, 1.43) p = 0.29 | 1.08 (0.80, 1.46) p = 0.63 |
11th grade | - | 1.27 (1.01, 1.60) p < 0.05 * | 1.22 (0.91, 1.65) p = 0.19 |
12th grade | - | 1.29 (1.03, 1.62) p < 0.05 * | 1.10 (0.81, 1.48) p = 0.54 |
Depression | - | - | 9.36 (7.48, 11.72) p < 0.001 *** |
SV | - | - | 1.38 (0.89, 2.14) p = 0.15 |
Binge Drinking | - | - | 0.72 (0.53, 0.99) p < 0.05 * |
Illicit Drug Use | - | - | 2.63 (1.99, 3.48) p < 0.001*** |
Violence Engagement | - | - | 1.82 (1.44, 2.29) p < 0.001 *** |
Model 1 AOR (95% CI) p Value | Model 2 AOR (95% CI) p Value | |
---|---|---|
(a) | ||
CV | 3.28 (2.85, 3.76) p < 0.001 *** | - |
SV | 4.07 (3.43, 4.81) p < 0.001 *** | - |
CV × SV | 0.71 (0.54, 0.95) p < 0.05 * | - |
Neither CV nor SV (ref) | - | - |
SV only (No CV) | - | 2.10 (1.71, 2.58) p < 0.001 *** |
CV only (No SV) | - | 1.69 (1.41, 2.03) p < 0.001 *** |
Both CV and SV | - | 4.90 (3.86, 6.22) p < 0.001 *** |
(b) | ||
CV | 2.70 (2.25, 3.24) p < 0.001 *** | - |
SV | 3.07 (2.51, 3.75) p < 0.001 *** | - |
CV × SV | 0.90 (0.64, 1.26) p = 0.55 | - |
Neither CV nor SV (ref) | - | - |
SV only (No CV) | - | 1.50 (1.17, 1.92) p = 0.001 ** |
CV only (No SV) | - | 1.32 (1.05, 1.66) p < 0.05 * |
Both CV and SV | - | 3.65 (2.77, 4.81) p < 0.001 *** |
(c) | ||
CV | 3.83 (3.09, 4.74) p < 0.001 *** | - |
SV | 5.61 (4.06, 7.76) p < 0.001 *** | - |
CV × SV | 0.53 (0.30, 0.94) p < 0.05 * | - |
Neither CV nor SV (ref) | - | - |
SV only (No CV) | - | 3.66 (2.49, 5.39) p < 0.001 *** |
CV only (No SV) | - | 2.50 (1.85, 3.38) p < 0.001 *** |
Both CV and SV | - | 7.39 (4.50, 12.14) p < 0.001 *** |
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Levine, R.S.; Bintliff, A.V.; Raj, A. Gendered Analysis of Cyberbullying Victimization and Its Associations with Suicidality: Findings from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Adolescents 2022, 2, 235-251. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents2020019
Levine RS, Bintliff AV, Raj A. Gendered Analysis of Cyberbullying Victimization and Its Associations with Suicidality: Findings from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Adolescents. 2022; 2(2):235-251. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents2020019
Chicago/Turabian StyleLevine, Rebecca S., Amy Vatne Bintliff, and Anita Raj. 2022. "Gendered Analysis of Cyberbullying Victimization and Its Associations with Suicidality: Findings from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey" Adolescents 2, no. 2: 235-251. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents2020019