Structure of the Charge-Transfer State in PM6/Y6 and PM6/Y6:YT Composites Studied by Electron Spin Echo Technique
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zhu, L.; Zhang, M.; Xu, J.; Li, C.; Yan, J.; Zhou, G.; Zhong, W.; Hao, T.; Song, J.; Xue, X.; et al. Single-Junction Organic Solar Cells with over 19% Efficiency Enabled by a Refined Double-Fibril Network Morphology. Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 656–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, W.; Qi, F.; Peng, Z.; Lin, F.R.; Jiang, K.; Zhong, C.; Kaminsky, W.; Guan, Z.; Lee, C.; Marks, T.J.; et al. Achieving 19% Power Conversion Efficiency in Planar-Mixed Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Using a Pseudosymmetric Electron Acceptor. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2202089. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tamai, Y. Charge Generation in Organic Solar Cells: Journey toward 20% Power Conversion Efficiency: Special Issue: Emerging Investigators. Aggregate 2022, 3, e280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jee, M.H.; Ryu, H.S.; Lee, D.; Lee, W.; Woo, H.Y. Recent Advances in Nonfullerene Acceptor-Based Layer-by-Layer Organic Solar Cells Using a Solution Process. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2201876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, G.; Gao, J.; Hummelen, J.C.; Wudl, F.; Heeger, A.J. Polymer Photovoltaic Cells: Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions. Science 1995, 270, 1789–1791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Jin, K.; Qin, J.; Xu, J.; Li, W.; Xiong, J.; Liu, J.; Xiao, Z.; Sun, K.; et al. 18% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells. Sci. Bull. 2020, 65, 272–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deibel, C.; Strobel, T.; Dyakonov, V. Role of the Charge Transfer State in Organic Donor-Acceptor Solar Cells. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 4097–4111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barker, A.J.; Chen, K.; Hodgkiss, J.M. Distance Distributions of Photogenerated Charge Pairs in Organic Photovoltaic Cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 12018–12026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, Y.; Cha, H.; Bristow, H.L.; Lee, J.; Kumar, A.; Tuladhar, P.S.; McCulloch, I.; Bakulin, A.A.; Durrant, J.R. Correlating Charge-Transfer State Lifetimes with Material Energetics in Polymer: Non-Fullerene Acceptor Organic Solar Cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 7599–7603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Azzouzi, M.; Gallop, N.P.; Eisner, F.; Yan, J.; Zheng, X.; Cha, H.; He, Q.; Fei, Z.; Heeney, M.; Bakulin, A.A.; et al. Reconciling Models of Interfacial State Kinetics and Device Performance in Organic Solar Cells: Impact of the Energy Offsets on the Power Conversion Efficiency. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 1256–1270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lukina, E.A.; Uvarov, M.N.; Kulik, L.V. Charge Recombination in P3HT/PC70BM Composite Studied by Light-Induced EPR. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 18307–18314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kobeleva, E.S.; Popov, A.A.; Baranov, D.S.; Uvarov, M.N.; Nevostruev, D.A.; Degtyarenko, K.M.; Gadirov, R.M.; Sukhikh, A.S.; Kulik, L.V. Origin of Poor Photovoltaic Performance of Bis(Tetracyanoantrathiophene) Non-Fullerene Acceptor. Chem. Phys. 2021, 546, 111162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popov, A.A.; Uvarov, M.N.; Kulik, L.V. Mode of Action of the Third Component in Ternary Organic Photovoltaic Blend PBDB-T/ITIC: PC70BM Revealed by EPR Spectroscopy. Synth. Met. 2021, 277, 116783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behrends, J.; Sperlich, A.; Schnegg, A.; Biskup, T.; Teutloff, C.; Lips, K.; Dyakonov, V.; Bittl, R. Direct Detection of Photoinduced Charge Transfer Complexes in Polymer Fullerene Blends. Phys. Rev. B 2012, 85, 125206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kobori, Y.; Noji, R.; Tsuganezawa, S. Initial Molecular Photocurrent: Nanostructure and Motion of Weakly Bound Charge-Separated State in Organic Photovoltaic Interface. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 1589–1599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niklas, J.; Poluektov, O.G. Charge Transfer Processes in OPV Materials as Revealed by EPR Spectroscopy. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1602226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lukina, E.A.; Popov, A.A.; Uvarov, M.N.; Kulik, L.V. Out-of-Phase Electron Spin Echo Studies of Light-Induced Charge-Transfer States in P3HT/PCBM Composite. J. Phys. Chem. B 2015, 119, 13543–13548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Piris, J.; Dykstra, T.E.; Bakulin, A.A.; van Loosdrecht, P.H.M.; Knulst, W.; Trinh, M.T.; Schins, J.M.; Siebbeles, L.D.A. Photogeneration and Ultrafast Dynamics of Excitons and Charges in P3HT/PCBM Blends. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 14500–14506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, Y.; Cha, H.; Zhang, J.; Pastor, E.; Tuladhar, P.S.; McCulloch, I.; Durrant, J.R.; Bakulin, A.A. The Binding Energy and Dynamics of Charge-Transfer States in Organic Photovoltaics with Low Driving Force for Charge Separation. J. Chem. Phys. 2019, 150, 104704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Kaap, N.J.; Koster, L.J.A. Charge Carrier Thermalization in Organic Diodes. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 19794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Melianas, A.; Etzold, F.; Savenije, T.J.; Laquai, F.; Inganäs, O.; Kemerink, M. Photo-Generated Carriers Lose Energy during Extraction from Polymer-Fullerene Solar Cells. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Niklas, J.; Beaupré, S.; Leclerc, M.; Xu, T.; Yu, L.; Sperlich, A.; Dyakonov, V.; Poluektov, O.G. Photoinduced Dynamics of Charge Separation: From Photosynthesis to Polymer–Fullerene Bulk Heterojunctions. J. Phys. Chem. B 2015, 119, 7407–7416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lukina, E.A.; Suturina, E.; Reijerse, E.; Lubitz, W.; Kulik, L.V. Spin Dynamics of Light-Induced Charge Separation in Composites of Semiconducting Polymers and PC60BM Revealed Using Q-Band Pulse EPR. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017, 19, 22141–22152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lukina, E.A.; Reijerse, E.; Lubitz, W.; Kulik, L.V. Spin-Dependent Recombination of the Charge-Transfer State in Photovoltaic Polymer/Fullerene Blends. Mol. Phys. 2019, 117, 2654–2663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dzuba, S.A.; Gast, P.; Hoff, A.J. ESEEM Study of Spin-Spin Interactions in Spin-Polarised P+QA− Pairs in the Photosynthetic Purple Bacterium Rhodobacter Sphaeroides R26. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1995, 236, 595–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zech, S.G.; van der Est, A.J.; Bittl, R. Measurement of Cofactor Distances between P700•+ and A1•− in Native and Quinone-Substituted Photosystem I Using Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1997, 36, 9774–9779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carmieli, R.; Mi, Q.; Ricks, A.B.; Giacobbe, E.M.; Mickley, S.M.; Wasielewski, M.R. Direct Measurement of Photoinduced Charge Separation Distances in Donor–Acceptor Systems for Artificial Photosynthesis Using OOP-ESEEM. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 8372–8373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoff, A.J.; Gast, P.; Dzuba, S.A.; Timmel, C.R.; Fursman, C.E.; Hore, P.J. The Nuts and Bolts of Distance Determination and Zero- and Double-Quantum Coherence in Photoinduced Radical Pairs. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 1998, 54, 2283–2293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al Said, T.; Weber, S.; Schleicher, E. OOP-ESEEM Spectroscopy: Accuracies of Distances of Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs in Biomolecules. Front. Mol. Biosci. 2022, 9, 890826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, Z.; Wang, J.; Bi, P.; Ren, J.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Liu, X.; Zhang, S.; Hou, J. Tandem Organic Solar Cell with 20.2% Efficiency. Joule 2022, 6, 171–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Günther, M.; Kazerouni, N.; Blätte, D.; Perea, J.D.; Thompson, B.C.; Ameri, T. Models and Mechanisms of Ternary Organic Solar Cells. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulik, L.V.; Uvarov, M.N. Charge Photogeneration and Recombination in Ternary Organic Photovoltaic Blend PCDTBT/PC60BM/ICBA Studied by EPR Spectroscopy. Appl. Magn. Reson. 2020, 51, 1071–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, Y.; Zhan, L.; Liu, M.; Yang, C.; Guo, F.; Liu, Y.; Gao, S.; Zhao, L.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Y. Boosting Photovoltaic Performance of Ternary Organic Solar Cells by Integrating a Multi-Functional Guest Acceptor. Nano Energy 2021, 90, 106538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beletskaya, E.A.; Lukina, E.A.; Uvarov, M.N.; Popov, A.A.; Kulik, L.V. Geminate Recombination in Organic Photovoltaic Blend PCDTBT/PC71 BM Studied by out-of-Phase Electron Spin Echo Spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 152, 044706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uvarov, M.N.; Kobeleva, E.S.; Degtyarenko, K.M.; Zinovyev, V.A.; Popov, A.A.; Mostovich, E.A.; Kulik, L.V. Fast Recombination of Charge-Transfer State in Organic Photovoltaic Composite of P3HT and Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes Is the Reason for Its Poor Photovoltaic Performance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hore, P.J. RESEARCH NOTE Transfer of Spin Correlation between Radical Pairs in the Initial Steps of Photosynthetic Energy Conversion. Mol. Phys. 1996, 89, 1195–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popov, A.A.; Lukina, E.A.; Rapatskiy, L.; Kulik, L.V. Time-Domain Shape of Electron Spin Echo Signal of Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs in Polymer/Fullerene Blends. J. Magn. Reson. 2017, 276, 86–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lukina, E.A.; Popov, A.A.; Uvarov, M.N.; Suturina, E.A.; Reijerse, E.J.; Kulik, L.V. Light-Induced Charge Separation in a P3HT/PC70 BM Composite as Studied by out-of-Phase Electron Spin Echo Spectroscopy. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 28585–28593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Fu, Y.; Yan, C.; Zhang, R.; Yang, Q.; Han, Y.; Xie, Z. Insight Into the Role of PC71BM on Enhancing the Photovoltaic Performance of Ternary Organic Solar Cells. Front. Chem. 2018, 6, 198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.; Sun, Y.; Xue, X.; Yue, S.; Liu, K.; Azam, M.; Yang, C.; Wang, Z.; Tan, F.; Chen, Y. Insights into Charge Separation and Transport in Ternary Polymer Solar Cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 3299–3307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perdigón-Toro, L.; Zhang, H.; Markina, A.; Yuan, J.; Hosseini, S.M.; Wolff, C.M.; Zuo, G.; Stolterfoht, M.; Zou, Y.; Gao, F.; et al. Barrierless Free Charge Generation in the High-Performance PM6: Y6 Bulk Heterojunction Non-Fullerene Solar Cell. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1906763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lukina, E.A.; Kulikova, A.V.; Uvarov, M.N.; Popov, A.A.; Liu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Kulik, L.V. Structure of the Charge-Transfer State in PM6/Y6 and PM6/Y6:YT Composites Studied by Electron Spin Echo Technique. Nanomanufacturing 2023, 3, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing3020008
Lukina EA, Kulikova AV, Uvarov MN, Popov AA, Liu M, Zhang Y, Kulik LV. Structure of the Charge-Transfer State in PM6/Y6 and PM6/Y6:YT Composites Studied by Electron Spin Echo Technique. Nanomanufacturing. 2023; 3(2):123-134. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing3020008
Chicago/Turabian StyleLukina, Ekaterina A., Aina V. Kulikova, Mikhail N. Uvarov, Alexander A. Popov, Ming Liu, Yong Zhang, and Leonid V. Kulik. 2023. "Structure of the Charge-Transfer State in PM6/Y6 and PM6/Y6:YT Composites Studied by Electron Spin Echo Technique" Nanomanufacturing 3, no. 2: 123-134. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing3020008
APA StyleLukina, E. A., Kulikova, A. V., Uvarov, M. N., Popov, A. A., Liu, M., Zhang, Y., & Kulik, L. V. (2023). Structure of the Charge-Transfer State in PM6/Y6 and PM6/Y6:YT Composites Studied by Electron Spin Echo Technique. Nanomanufacturing, 3(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing3020008