Vector-Borne Pathogens in Ticks and Fleas of Client-Owned Dogs in Metro Manila, Philippines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Collection and Morphological Identification of Ticks and Fleas from Dogs in Metro Manila, Philippines
4.2. Molecular Characterisation of Ticks and Gleas at Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (cox1)
4.3. Molecular Detection of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Ticks and Fleas
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Authors | Number of Dogs Examined | Ticks/Fleas on Dogs (no#) | VBP’s (Prevalence) | Location | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Molecular Analysis | Serology-based | |||||
Blood PCR | Ectoparasite PCR | |||||
Baron and Ruaes [18] | 16 | R. sanguineus s.l (44) C. felis (96) | n/a | n/a | n/a | Davao City |
Bartolome-Cruz [23] | 97 | R. sanguineus s.l (2498) | n/a | n/a | n/a | Quezon City, Pasay City, Laguna City |
Bartolome-Cruz [25] | 953 | R. sanguineus s.l (52) | n/a | Babesia spp. (2.08%), Hepatozoon spp. (2.08%), Ehrlichia spp. (8.33%) | n/a | Quezon City, Pasay City, Laguna City |
Baticados and Baticados [34] | 169 | R. sanguineus s.l | n/a | n/a | E. canis (95.3%) | Malabon, Quezon City, Manila, San Juan City, Pasig City, Makati City, Mandaluyong City, Taguig City, Parañaque City, Muntinlupa City, Las Pinas, Caloocan, Rizal |
Colella, Nguyen, Tan, Lu, Fang, Zhijuan, Wang, Liu, Chen, Dong, Nurcahyo, Hadi, Venturina, Tong, Tsai, Taweethavonsawat, Tiwananthagorn, Le, Bui, Watanabe, Rani, Annoscia, Beugnet, Otranto, and Halos [10] | 120 | R. linniae, C. felis, C. canis, C. orientis | H. canis (9.7%), B. gibsoni (0%) | n/a | E. canis (33.0%), A. platys (17.0%), D. immitis (29.8%) | San Jose City (Occidental Mindoro), Cabanatuan and Muñoz (Nueva Ecija) |
Corales, Viloria, Venturina, and Mingala [19] | 70 | n/a | E. canis (2.85%), Babesia spp. (7.14%), A. platys (0%) | n/a | n/a | San Jose City, Muñoz, Talavera, Guimba, Sta. Rosa, Cabanatuan City, Gapan City (Nueva Ecija) |
Galay, Manalo, Dolores, Aguilar, Sandalo, Cruz, Divina, Andoh, Masatani, and Tanaka [3] | 248 | R. sanguineus s.l (157) | E. canis (19.8%), A. platys (6.0%), Rickettsia spp. (2.4%), B. vogeli (6.8%), H. canis (2.4%) | E. canis (3.2%), A. platys (0.6%), B. vogeli (0.6%), H. canis (0.6%), Rickettsia spp. (0%) | n/a | Pasay, Taguig City, Parañaque City, Las Piñas, Muntinlupa City, Laguna (San Pedro, Biñan, Santa Rosa, Calamba, Los Baños, San Pablo, Pagsanjan) |
Nguyen, Colella, Greco, Fang, Nurcahyo, Hadi, Venturina, Tong, Tsai, Taweethavonsawat, Tiwananthagorn, Tangtrongsup, Le, Bui, Do, Watanabe, Rani, Dantas-Torres, Halos, Beugnet, and Otranto [6] | 120 | R. linniae (63), C. felis (47), C. orientis (10) | n/a | R. sanguineus s.l: R. felis (1.6%), H. canis (15.9%), A. platys (0%), E. canis (0%), R. asembonensis (0%), Babesia vogeli (0%) C. felis: R. felis (27.7%), R. asembonensis (2.1%), Bartonella spp. (0%) C. orientis: R. asembonensis (80%), R. felis (0%), Bartonella spp. (0%) | n/a | Philippines |
Portugaliza and Bagot [13] | Not specified | C. felis (70), Pulex irritans (1), R. sanguineus s.l (93) | n/a | n/a | n/a | Baybay (Leyte) |
Singer, Loya, Lapsley, Tobar, Carlos, Carlos, Carlos, Adao, Rivera, Jaffe, Mazet, and Chomel [1] | 116 | n/a | B. henselae (11.2%) | n/a | B. henselae (2.6%) | Makati City, Parañaque City |
Ybañez, Julian, and Carlos [9] | 68 | n/a | n/a | n/a | E. canis (86.7%) | Makati City |
Ybanez, Ybanez, Arnado, Belarmino, Malingin, Cabilete, Amores, Talle, Liu, and Xuan [20] | 100 | n/a | Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp. (10%), Babesisa spp. (18%) | n/a | n/a | Cebu |
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Demographic | Sex | Housing | Age, Y | Ectoparasite | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinic | M | F | Indoor | Outdoor | Both | ≤4 | >4 | R. linnaei | C. felis | Both |
Clinic 1 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 6 | 6 | 13 | 1 |
Clinic 2 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 5 | 2 |
Clinic 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 18 | 24 | 19 | 6 | 17 | 22 | 16 | 21 | 18 | 3 |
Clinic | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pathogen | R. linnaei | C. felis | R. linnaei | C. felis | R. linnaei | C. felis |
B. clarridgeiae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
R. felis | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
B. clarridgeiae and R. felis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
E. canis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. platys | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Marquez, A.R.A.; Eamens, K.; Westman, M.; Šlapeta, J. Vector-Borne Pathogens in Ticks and Fleas of Client-Owned Dogs in Metro Manila, Philippines. Parasitologia 2021, 1, 247-256. https://doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia1040026
Marquez ARA, Eamens K, Westman M, Šlapeta J. Vector-Borne Pathogens in Ticks and Fleas of Client-Owned Dogs in Metro Manila, Philippines. Parasitologia. 2021; 1(4):247-256. https://doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia1040026
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarquez, Anna Regina Angela, Kieran Eamens, Mark Westman, and Jan Šlapeta. 2021. "Vector-Borne Pathogens in Ticks and Fleas of Client-Owned Dogs in Metro Manila, Philippines" Parasitologia 1, no. 4: 247-256. https://doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia1040026