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Article

Morphological and Mitochondrial Evidence Supporting New Records of Leatherleaf Slugs (Gastropoda: Veronicellidae) in Mexico

by
Amalia Daniela González-Andrade
1,
Victoria Araiza-Gómez
1,*,
Edna Naranjo-García
2 and
Enrico Alejandro Ruiz
1,*
1
Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México 11340, CP, Mexico
2
Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Taxonomy 2025, 5(4), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5040058
Submission received: 2 July 2025 / Revised: 3 October 2025 / Accepted: 14 October 2025 / Published: 17 October 2025
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Abstract

Based on external morphology, genital anatomy, and a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, we identified two veronicellid slug species from Chiapas, Mexico: Simrothula prismatica (Simroth, 1914) and Diplosolenodes occidentalis (Guilding, 1824), both newly recorded in the country. The available molecular data supported the identification of D. occidentalis, a species with a documented invasive history in various tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Although no sequences were available for S. prismatica, the genital anatomy of the specimens was consistent with the original species description. These findings underscore the need for more comprehensive molecular reference databases and continued biomonitoring of veronicellid slugs in Mexico, given their potential ecological and agricultural impacts. These new records increase the known diversity of the group to five species in the country.

1. Introduction

The family Veronicellidae J. E. Gray, 1840, comprises a group of terrestrial slugs, commonly known as leatherleaf or cow tongues (Mexico), with approximately 25 recognized genera. Veronicellids are predominantly distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, occurring naturally in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Recent records, however, have documented their presence in non-native areas such as the Japanese and Hawaiian Islands [1,2]. These “soft-bodied” slugs possess an oval, dorsoventrally flattened body entirely covered by the mantle, a terminally located anus, and retractable tentacles [3]. Also, they are herbivorous gastropods commonly associated with humid habitats.
In Mexico, the veronicellid malacofauna has been historically undocumented. Early references to the group appeared in the works of Fischer and Crosse [4], von Martens [5], and Baker [6], but it was not until a comprehensive review was conducted by Naranjo-García et al. [7] that the national diversity was properly documented. At that time, five species in three genera were reported from the country: Leidyula floridana, Leidyula moreleti, Phyllocaulis gayi, Sarasinula dubia, and Sarasinula plebeia. Of these, only L. moreleti was considered likely native, while the others are believed to be introduced or, at least, of uncertain origin. Most records are concentrated in the central and southern Mexico, particularly in disturbed habitats near human settlements [7].
Latest reports have expanded the known distribution of veronicellids in Mexico. For example, Sarasinula plebeia in Sinaloa by Alvarez Cerrillo et al. [8] and Belocaulus angustipes were newly recorded in Nuevo León by De Luna et al. [9], highlighting the potential for overlooked diversity in northern Mexico and the importance of continued surveys.
Despite the lack of comprehensive research on most species, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that these land slugs may act as vectors for parasites, such as Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongylus costaricensis, which are known to cause diseases including meningoencephalitis and abdominal angiostrongyliasis, respectively. These parasites have the potential to pose a significant risk to human health [10,11]. Barbosa et al. [12] have also identified angiostrongylid Aelurostrongylus abstrusus parasitizing Diplosolenodes occidentalis, which could have important zoonotic implications. In addition to the health effects they cause, these gastropods also inflict significant damage on ornamental and horticultural plants. They are even regarded as a potential threat to economically important agricultural crops [7,13,14,15,16,17,18].
Species identification within this family is challenging due to the similarity in their external morphology, which has prompted the use of molecular tools, and genital anatomy has become increasingly important in distinguishing between morphologically similar species and in detecting cryptic taxa [2,18,19,20,21]. This study presents two species not previously recorded in Mexico: Simrothula prismatica and Diplosolenodes occidentalis. Simrothula prismatica is native to Colombia, from the locality “Cafetal Camelia, near Angelopolis, Central Cordillera”, and has been recorded in Antioquia, Angelopolis, and Bello [19]. Diplosolenodes occidentalis, native to St. Vincent Island, Antilles [20], has been reported from multiple locations, including Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, St. Vicente, Panama, Guadalupe, Trinidad and Tobago, Dominica, Barbados, Martinique, Guyana, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, Hawaii, Ecuador, and St. Thomas [19,21,22,23], as well as Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and several other Caribbean islands [6]. This species has also been introduced into parts of the United States, including Oklahoma in greenhouses [24], Florida, Louisiana, and Texas, where D. occidentalis (as Vaginulus occidentalis) was recorded from the United States Department of Agriculture at McAllen [25]. The molecular information obtained from the analyzed specimens herein represents a valuable contribution for future comparative studies and database enrichment.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area, Morphological Analyses

The slugs were collected in the municipalities of Tapachula (14°54′19.94″ N, 92°15′49.14″ W) and Huehuetán (15°01′09.26″ N, 92°22′56.35″ W), located in the south of Chiapas state, Mexico (Figure 1). Two specimens of each species were analyzed. The specimens were photographed in dorsal and ventral position, relaxed and fixed in absolute ethanol. Taxonomic classification was based on examining specialized literature on the family and the original description of the species [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33].
External morphological observations and the reproductive system were examined using a Nikon C-PS (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) stereoscopic binocular microscope. The following measurements were taken for each specimen: length, width, distance from anus to female gonopore, penis length, penis gland length, and number of gland tubules.

2.2. DNA Extraction, PCR, Sequencing

Approximately 20 mg of sole tissue from each specimen was used for DNA extraction using the DNeasy Tissue kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. A fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the following primer set: 16S-ar (5′-CGC CTG TTT ATC AAA AAC AT-3′) and 16S-br (5′-CCG GTC TGA ACTCAG ATC ACG T-3′) [34]. The reaction mixture, comprising a total volume of 20 μL, was prepared as follows: 1U of Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen), 2 μL of 10× buffer, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 13 pmol of each primer, 10 mM dNTPs, and 1 μL of template DNA. The amplification program comprised an initial denaturation step at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, alignment at 50 °C for 30 s, extension at 72 °C for 45 s, and a final extension at 72 °C for 7 min.
The PCR products were sequenced by outsourcing to Macrogen Ltd. (Seoul, Republic of Korea). The resulting sequences were analyzed using the BLASTn tool at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, online version) to identify the closest matches based on percentage similarity. Additional sequences from related taxa were downloaded from GenBank (Table 1). All sequences were aligned and trimmed using MUSCLE in MEGA v.11 [35] and the new sequences were deposited in GenBank under the following accession numbers: Simrothula prismatica—PV981836 and PV981837; Diplosolenodes occidentalis—PV981838 and PV981839.
Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic analysis was performed in BEAST v.2.7.7 [36]. The nucleotide substitution model that best fit the data was determined using Smart Model Selection in PhyML v.3.0 [37]. The evolutionary substitution model selected for the dataset was the GTR+G+I model (LnL = −3988.11073, AIC = 8098.22146, BIC = 8339.99979), under the Yule model, a strict molecular clock, and estimated substitution rate. Analyses were performed independently in triplicate, with each replicate running a Markov chain of 30 million states, resampling every 10,000 states, and a burn-in of 10%. Both Onchidella floridana (HQ659903.1) and Onchidium melakense (MN528072.1) were used as outgroups. The sequences are available in GenBank for other genera of the family.

3. Results

3.1. Morphological Analysis

The examined specimens were identified as two species that represent new records for Mexico.

3.1.1. Simrothula prismatica (Simroth, 1914)

Originally described as Vaginula prismatica and later assigned to the genus Simrothula by Thomé in 1975, this species is characterized by the presence of a reddish pattern in the center of the notum, turning ochre towards the sides, with a pale longitudinal line in the middle. The perinotum retains a light coloration, while the hyponotum exhibits a whitish hue with gray to black markings that become more intense towards the posterior. The lower tentacles are pale gray in color, while the eyepieces are milky gray. The penis gland is characterized by the presence of 15 narrow, arrow-shaped tubules. In comparison, the arrow-shaped papilla is more elongated and conical than the penis.
External morphology and anatomy of the specimens in this study. Pigmentation of notum reddish brown, with distinct yellowish midline; hyponotum (ventral region) and sole of beige color, the hyponotum with abundant dark punctuations (Figure 2A). Body length 36 ± 40 mm, smooth penis, 6 mm long, with a sheath around its anterior half, slightly curved towards the base, the digiform gland short with an elongate shape at tip 5 mm; with 15 narrow rounded tubules (tb) at the tip 10 ± 12 mm long. Retractor penis muscle 90 mm long, apparently with a flattened and thin papilla (pa), narrow, elongated and conical. Female gonopore (fg) almost half the length of the hyponotum. The bursa shows a constriction at the base that forms a bud-like structure, known as digitiform formation [32] (bc) (Figure 2E).

3.1.2. Diplosolenodes occidentalis (Guilding, 1824)

This species has undergone a few taxonomic reclassifications. First described as Onchidium occidentale by Guilding in 1824 and finally placed in the genus Diplosolenodes by Thomé, this genus is characterized by a penial gland with numerous tubules, some shorter and thinner, and a sacculiform spermatheca. The species has a brownish olive colored notum without a prominent longitudinal line, with a smooth to finely granulated surface. The hyponotum is light-colored and the penis gland has 16 tubules. The penis is cylindrical in shape, folded at the top.
External morphology and anatomy of the specimens in this study. Pigmentation of notum from light brown to yellowish with some dark punctuations on the smooth surface, with a light median line. Hyponotum (ventral region) and sole beige; the hyponotum has some dark spots (Figure 3A). Body length 30 mm, penis long, cylindrical and folded, 8 mm long; apical part shows a kind of flattened glans, the digiform gland with 16 thin tubules (tb) at the tip 10 ± 12 mm long, one of them being shorter 5 mm long. Retractor penis muscle short and thick. Sacculiform spermatheca. Female gonopore closer to the sole than to the perinotum (Figure 3).
Diagnostic characteristics distinguishing both species are summarized in Table 2, based on the original descriptions of each species [26,38].

3.2. Molecular Analysis

The molecular results are as follows: A 470 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was obtained. Following the process of editing, a 376 bp fragment was utilized for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, which corresponded to the sequence length reported in GenBank. The sequences obtained for the individuals from the Tapachula municipality (PV981836 and PV981837) exhibited a 97% similarity with the Diplosolenodes occidentalis GenBank sequence KM489366.1, while those corresponding to the individuals from Huehuetán (PV981838 and PV981839) demonstrated a 98.36% similarity with this same sequence. For the purpose of the phylogenetic analysis, we used 21 veronicellid sequences reported in GenBank for the same gene fragment belonging to eight genera of the family (Belocaulus Hoffmann, 1925, Colosius Thomé, 1975, Diplosolenodes Thomé, 1975, Laevicaulis Simroth, 1913, Phyllocaulis Colosi, 1922, Sarasinula Grimpe & Hoffmann, 1924, Semperula Grimpe & Hoffmann, 1924, Veronicella Blainville, 1817), and two onchid genera (Onchidella Gray, 1850 and Onchidium Buchannan, 1800). The resulting phylogenetic tree strongly supports the identification of the specimens as Diplosolenodes occidentalis, as the sequences obtained in this study cluster together with those reported in GenBank for that species. Conversely, given the lack of available sequences for the genus Simrothula, it was not possible to compare our molecular results with those of related taxa. The phylogenetic relationships observed in the tree are strongly supported and are consistent with the morphology-based phylogenetic tree reported by Gomes [41] (Figure 4).

4. Discussion

Simrothula prismatica, native to Colombia, and Diplosolenodes occidentalis, native to the Antilles [19] recorded in Guatemala, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and some other islands [23] have been introduced in parts of the United States: Kansas and Oklahoma [42], Florida, Louisiana, and Texas [25], and here, they are reported in Mexico for the first time. These findings suggest recent introduction events, likely associated with the horticultural trade or soil movement. Although the examined specimens do not show external morphological features clearly assignable to other genera within Veronicellidae, the incorporation of molecular data is essential to confirm their phylogenetic placement and resolve taxonomic uncertainties.
Our phylogenetic analysis placed the sequences obtained from specimens morphologically identified as D. occidentalis collected in Huehuetán, Chiapas, within the same clade than the sequence deposited previously in GenBank by Gomes et al. (2015) [43]. This result supports the morphological assessment of both external features and internal anatomy, particularly of the reproductive system, conducted on these specimens. Although there are no sequences in GenBank for S. prismatica, our analysis grouped both species recorded here, partially corroborating the findings of Gomes [41] who used a cladistic approach based on 52 morphological characters placed the genus Diplosolenodes, Simrothula and Latipes in the same clade. This study provides novel sequence data for S. prismatica. The resulting phylogenetic tree reveals a well-resolved clade, with high posterior probability values supporting most of the identified clades.
Taxonomic identification within Veronicellidae is particularly challenging due to high intraspecific variability. Morphological traits such as pigmentation, spotting patterns, and body size often vary considerably among individuals within the same population or between nearby populations, without necessarily reflecting genetic divergence or speciation [15]. As a result, external morphology alone is frequently insufficient for accurate species identification.
Given that members of Veronicellidae display a large amount of intraspecific variation, cryptic lineages are highly probable. This in turn can only be detected through molecular analysis or more detailed anatomical studies, particularly of the reproductive system [44]. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate molecular tools, such as mitochondrial and/or nuclear sequences, with comparative morphology and ecological data to clarify phylogenetic relationships and resolve taxonomic problems in this group. Consequently, intraspecific variation not only complicates species identification within Veronicellidae, but also underlines the need for an integrative approach to achieve a more robust and natural classification of the group.
The findings presented in this study, together with previously published records, provide further evidence of the dynamic distribution and expansion potential of veronicellid slugs in Mexico. The review by Naranjo-García et al. [7] reported the presence of three veronicellid genera in the country (Sarasinula, Leidyula, and Phyllocaulis). More recently, the updated list by De Luna et al. [9] includes the genus Belocaulus, with new records of Belocaulus angustipes in four municipalities of the state of Nuevo León and excludes the presence of Phyllocaulis gayi. It also reports the interception of Simrothula prismatica in the United States, without current evidence of established breeding populations. This suggests the possibility of passive transport, most likely through trade or other human-mediated ways. Consequently, its presence in Mexico may also result from a recent introduction rather than a long-standing native distribution.
These patterns underscore the high capacity of veronicellid slugs for dispersal and establishment under favorable environmental conditions. Their success in colonizing new areas can be explained by a combination of factors, including accidental introduction via trade, agriculture, or transportation networks, as well as their ecological plasticity, which allows them to adapt to both natural and urban environments. Furthermore, the fact that these slugs are simultaneous hermaphrodites—possessing both male and female reproductive organs—further enhances their ability to reproduce efficiently, particularly in habitats with optimal humidity levels [1,32,45,46,47,48].
Beyond taxonomic implications, the introduction of veronicellid slugs to new environments also poses significant ecological and public health risks. Several species within this family are known to act as intermediate hosts of parasitic nematodes, including Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the causative agent of eosinophilic meningitis in humans [49,50]. Additionally, their successful establishment can disrupt native invertebrate communities through competition or alteration of local ecological dynamics. These threats underscore the importance of accurate species identification, early detection, and rigorous monitoring of introduced populations to prevent potential outbreaks or biodiversity loss.

5. Conclusions

The findings presented in this study allowed to increase the number of veronicellid slug species documented in Mexico to five, now including Belocaulus angustipes, Diplosolenodes occidentalis, Leidyula moreleti, Sarasinula plebeia, and Simrothula prismatica [7,9]. The newly reported records of S. prismatica and D. occidentalis represent significant contributions, enhancing our understanding of the current diversity and distribution of Veronicellidae in the region.
Despite observable differences in notum coloration and penis shape—such as the brownish background and lanceolate form in S. prismatica—these characters alone are insufficient for conclusive species identification due to the considerable intraspecific variation known within the family. Consequently, morphological traits must be interpreted in conjunction with molecular and anatomical data. Although more detailed studies are needed, the presence of non-native veronicellid species may constitute a potential threat to local ecosystems, public health, and agriculture. Ongoing surveillance and further research are essential to determine their degree of establishment and to assess their ecological impact in the affected areas.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.D.G.-A. and V.A.-G.; methodology, A.D.G.-A., V.A.-G. and E.A.R.; software, A.D.G.-A.; data curation, E.N.-G. and V.A.-G.; writing—original draft preparation, A.D.G.-A. and V.A.-G.; review and editing, E.A.R. and E.N.-G.; funding acquisition, V.A.-G. and E.A.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was partially funded by Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), with projects SIP 20241943 and SIP 20251204 granted to V.A.-G., and SIP 20221578, SIP 20231006, and SIP 20240531 granted to E.A.R.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.

Acknowledgments

This work was part of the Ph.D. dissertation of A.D.G.-A, who received fellowships from the SECIHTI (CVU: 1032868) and the Beca de Estímulo Institucional de Formación de Investigadores del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (BEIFI-IPN). The authors are grateful for the service of the Laboratorio de Biología Molecular of the Instituto de Biología of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, as part of the Laboratorio Nacional de Biodiversidad, and particularly the technical support of Andrea Jiménez-Marin. We are grateful to Suzete Gomes for her kind support and taxonomic advice.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
agAlbumen gland
fgFemale genital pore
ovOviduct
paPapilla
pbPenis base
pePenis
tbTubule
vdVas deferens

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Figure 1. Distribution map of Simrothula prismatica (blue triangle) and Diplosolenodes occidentalis (red circle) in Mexico.
Figure 1. Distribution map of Simrothula prismatica (blue triangle) and Diplosolenodes occidentalis (red circle) in Mexico.
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Figure 2. Simrothula prismatica. (A), dorsal and ventral views; (B), penis; (C), penial gland and tubules; (D), female genitalia; (E), Bursa copulatrix. Abbreviations: ag, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; fg, female genital pore; ov, oviduct; pa, papilla; pe, penis; sd, spermioduct; tb, tubule.
Figure 2. Simrothula prismatica. (A), dorsal and ventral views; (B), penis; (C), penial gland and tubules; (D), female genitalia; (E), Bursa copulatrix. Abbreviations: ag, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; fg, female genital pore; ov, oviduct; pa, papilla; pe, penis; sd, spermioduct; tb, tubule.
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Figure 3. Diplosolenodes occidentalis. (A) dorsal and ventral views; (B) penis; (C) penial gland and tubules; (D) female genitalia; (E) duct of bursa copulatrix and bursa copulatrix. Abbreviations: ag, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; db, duct of bursa copulatrix; fg, female genital pore; ov, oviduct; pa, papilla; pb, penis base; pe, penis; tb, tubule.
Figure 3. Diplosolenodes occidentalis. (A) dorsal and ventral views; (B) penis; (C) penial gland and tubules; (D) female genitalia; (E) duct of bursa copulatrix and bursa copulatrix. Abbreviations: ag, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; db, duct of bursa copulatrix; fg, female genital pore; ov, oviduct; pa, papilla; pb, penis base; pe, penis; tb, tubule.
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Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree reconstructed using Bayesian Inference based on 376bp of the 16S rRNA gene. The node numbers indicate posterior probability values. The species O. floridana and O. melakense were used as the outgroups.
Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree reconstructed using Bayesian Inference based on 376bp of the 16S rRNA gene. The node numbers indicate posterior probability values. The species O. floridana and O. melakense were used as the outgroups.
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Table 1. List of accession numbers from GenBank for use in phylogenetic analysis.
Table 1. List of accession numbers from GenBank for use in phylogenetic analysis.
SpeciesGenBank Accession Number
Phyllocaulis gayiDQ318501
Phyllocaulis variegatusDQ318521
Phyllocaulis boraceiensisDQ318506
Phyllocaulis boraceiensisJX532122
Phyllocaulis soleiformisDQ318506
Phyllocaulis renschiDQ318511
Phyllocaulis tuberculosusDQ318526
Semperula wallaceiJX532120
Semperula wallaceiKX579465
Colosius lugubrisJX532124
Colosius propinquusJX532127
Colosius pulcherJX532129
Sarasinula linguaeformisKM489342
Sarasinula plebeiaKM489364
Sarasinula plebeiaKX579471
Laevicaulis alteKX579468
Laevicaulis sp.KX579466
Belocaulus sp.KM489363
Belocaulus angustipesKM489361
Veronicella cubensisKX579469
Diplosolenodes occidentalisKM489366
Table 2. External and internal morphology of both Simrothula prismatica and Diplosolenodes occidentalis as well as other species previously recognized in Mexico.
Table 2. External and internal morphology of both Simrothula prismatica and Diplosolenodes occidentalis as well as other species previously recognized in Mexico.
CharactersSimrothula prismaticaDiplosolenodes occidentalisSarasinula plebeiaLeidyula moreletiBelocaulus angustipes
Notum colorThe center has a reddish base that changes to ochre towards the sides. The middle is light coloredLight brown to yellowish
with light, very short lines, regularly distributed along the entire notum and dark spots		Brownish with fine black dots distributed randomlyLight gray to brown with two well defined, parallel, darker longitudinal linesVelvety black sometimes with an inconspicuous light stripe
Hyponotum colorWhitish with gray to blackish markingsLight beige with few dark spotsLight beigePale, sole pale ochreousBlack
Penial tubules15 arrow-shaped tubules16 uniform tubules long and 6 short (Thome 1985), with a limited number exhibiting bifurcation4–9 tubulesWith 35–40 tubules, the inner ones are shorter and the outer ones longer
[28]		13–22 tubules
Penis glansArrowhead papilla, elongated and conicalThe glans is an elongated conical papilla tapering to a pointElongated with a conical papillaShort arrowhead papilla
[39]		The gland is a conical papilla
Canalis junctorTypical, without constriction where it connects to the bursa copulatrixLong, thick and sinuousThick and short
[40]		 Penetrates the bursa directly and not the duct
Bursa copulatrixElongated with a digitiform expansionOvoid, the duct is distinguished by two types of tissueGlobular [40] Ovoid
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González-Andrade, A.D.; Araiza-Gómez, V.; Naranjo-García, E.; Ruiz, E.A. Morphological and Mitochondrial Evidence Supporting New Records of Leatherleaf Slugs (Gastropoda: Veronicellidae) in Mexico. Taxonomy 2025, 5, 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5040058

AMA Style

González-Andrade AD, Araiza-Gómez V, Naranjo-García E, Ruiz EA. Morphological and Mitochondrial Evidence Supporting New Records of Leatherleaf Slugs (Gastropoda: Veronicellidae) in Mexico. Taxonomy. 2025; 5(4):58. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5040058

Chicago/Turabian Style

González-Andrade, Amalia Daniela, Victoria Araiza-Gómez, Edna Naranjo-García, and Enrico Alejandro Ruiz. 2025. "Morphological and Mitochondrial Evidence Supporting New Records of Leatherleaf Slugs (Gastropoda: Veronicellidae) in Mexico" Taxonomy 5, no. 4: 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5040058

APA Style

González-Andrade, A. D., Araiza-Gómez, V., Naranjo-García, E., & Ruiz, E. A. (2025). Morphological and Mitochondrial Evidence Supporting New Records of Leatherleaf Slugs (Gastropoda: Veronicellidae) in Mexico. Taxonomy, 5(4), 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5040058

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