A Review on Hydration Process and Setting Time of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. History and Composition of LC3 Cement Paste
2.1. History of Calcined Clay
2.2. Different Types of Clays
2.3. High-Reactivity Clay to Form Calcined Clay
2.4. Mechanism of Metakaolin
2.4.1. Hydration–Acceleration Effect
2.4.2. Filling Compaction Effect
2.4.3. Pozzolanic Activity Effect
3. Performance of LC3
3.1. Mechanical Properties of LC3
3.2. Durability of LC3
3.3. Workability of LC3
4. Description of Cement Hydration and Setting
4.1. Portland Cement
4.2. Effect of Calcined Clay on Cement Hydration
4.3. Effect of Limestone on Cement Hydration
4.4. Effect of Gypsum on Cement Hydration
4.5. Effect of W/C Ratio on Cement Hydration
5. Conclusions
- The mechanisms of hydration process of LC3 concrete needs to be further studied. The test devices such as the ultrasound pulse velocity test, Vicat apparatus, and isothermal calorimetry can be used to explore the setting time and hydration heat. The relationship between setting time and hydration heat should be clarified.
- The effect of mix design parameters such as w/c ratio, cement replacement, gypsum, and contents of limestone and calcined clay in LC3 cement on the setting time needs to be comprehensively considered. For instance, it is an interesting research question whether the w/c ratio or increase in the contents of limestone and calcined clay in LC3 has a positive effect on the hydration and setting time of LC3 cement.
- The rheological properties of LC3 cement can be further examined through various designs to develop an optimized protocol for flow curve measurement and elucidate its association with heat flow.
- With the development of sustainable concrete materials such as LC3 cement, LC3 concrete can be utilized in the engineering field. However, the research on LC3 cement should be extended from the hydration process and setting time to the long-term structural performance of concrete structures.
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicators | Pilot Level | Industrial Level | BAT Level |
---|---|---|---|
Kaolinite clay distance (km) | 150 | 60–150 | <100 |
Type of fuel | Cuban crude oil | Pet-coke + Cuban crude oil | Gas + waste |
Clinker technology | Wet rotary kiln | Four-stage pre-heater + pre-calciner | Six-stage pre-heater + pre-calciner |
Clay calcining technology | Wet rotary kiln | Retrofitted calciner | Optimized flash calciner |
Material Name | Group | Isomorphous Substitution | Interlayer Bond | Ideal Formula | Crystal System | Basal Spacing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kaolinite | 1:1 | Very little | O-OH, strong | Triclinic | 7.2 A | |
Illite | 2:1 | Some Si by Al, balanced by K between layers | K ions, strong | Monoclinc | 10 A | |
Montmorill onite | 2:1 | Mg for Al | O-O, very weak, expanding lattice | Monoclinic | >9.6 A |
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Zhao, Y.; Zhang, Y. A Review on Hydration Process and Setting Time of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). Solids 2023, 4, 24-38. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids4010003
Zhao Y, Zhang Y. A Review on Hydration Process and Setting Time of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). Solids. 2023; 4(1):24-38. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids4010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yuhan, and Yingda Zhang. 2023. "A Review on Hydration Process and Setting Time of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3)" Solids 4, no. 1: 24-38. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids4010003
APA StyleZhao, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2023). A Review on Hydration Process and Setting Time of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). Solids, 4(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids4010003