MOF@chitosan Composites with Potential Antifouling Properties for Open-Environment Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Materials and Instrumentation
2.2. Syntheses
2.2.1. MIL-160 Synthesis
2.2.2. Chitosan Bead Synthesis
2.2.3. Synthesis of MOF@chitosan
2.2.4. Synthesis of MOF@PVA
2.2.5. Synthesis of MOF@Silikophen®
2.3. Antifouling Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. MOF@chitosan Composites
3.1.1. Alfum@chitosan
3.1.2. MIL-160@chitosan
3.2. MOF@PVA Composites and MOF@Silikophen® Composites
3.3. Antifouling Tests
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composite | Crosslinker a | MOF Amount | Polymer Amount | Solution Volume and Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|
MOF60@Chitosan | Na5P3O10 | 60% | 40% | 20 or 6 mL, |
(180 mg) | (120 mg) | 6 or 20 g L−1 | ||
MOF80@Chitosan | Na5P3O10 | 80% | 20% | 10 or 3 mL, |
(240 mg) | (60 mg) | 6 or 20 g L−1 | ||
MOF90@Chitosan | Na5P3O10 | 90% | 10% | 10 or 3 mL, |
(540 mg) | (60 mg) | 6 or 20 g L−1 | ||
MOF@PVA | - | 80% | 20% | 2 mL, |
(480 mg) | (120 mg) | 60 g L−1 | ||
MOF@Silikophen® | - | High | low only on surface b | 10 mL of Silikophen in 30 mL of xylene |
Method | Category | Growth Intensity, Observation | Assessment of the Sample Material |
---|---|---|---|
A | 0 | no growth visible under microscopic observation | material does not serve as a nutrient for microorganisms; it is “inert” or “fungistatic” |
1 | no growth visible with the naked eye, but clearly visible under the microscope at 50 times magnification | material contains nutrients or is only slightly soiled, so that only slight growth is possible | |
2 | growth visible to the naked eye, up to 25% of the sample surface overgrown | material is not resistant to fungal attack and contains nutrients for the development of microorganisms | |
3 | growth visible to the naked eye, up to 50% of the sample surface overgrown | ||
4 | significant growth, over 50% of the sample surface overgrown | ||
5 | strong growth, entire sample surface overgrown |
Educt/Composite Materials | CTS Conc. [g L−1] | BET-Surface [m2 g−1] | Pore Volume [cm3 g−1] a | Water Uptake [mg g−1] at 0.9 p p0−1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meas. (% of Calc.) | Calc. b | Meas. (% of Calc) | Calc. b | Meas. (% of Calc.) | Calc. a | ||
chitosan | 6 | 144 | - | 0.30 | - | 428 | - |
chitosan | 20 | 230 | - | 0.46 | - | 408 | - |
chitosan | 30 | 220 | - | 0.45 | - | - | - |
chitosan | 40 | 202 | - | 0.40 | - | - | - |
Alfum (Basolite® A520) | - | 988 | - | 0.51 | - | 449 | - |
Alfum60@chitosan | 6 | 20 (3) | 650 | 0.23 (53) | 0.43 | - | - |
Alfum60@chitosan | 20 | 294 (43) | 685 | 0.18 (37) | 0.49 | - | - |
Alfum60@chitosan | 30 | 202 (30) | 681 | 0.16 (33) | 0.49 | - | - |
Alfum60@chitosan | 40 | 26 (4) | 674 | 0.43 (91) | 0.47 | - | - |
Alfum80@chitosan | 6 | 474 (58) | 819 | 0.29 (62) | 0.47 | 393 (88) | 445 |
Alfum80@chitosan | 20 | 587 (70) | 836 | 0.35 (70) | 0.50 | 468 (106) | 441 |
Alfum80@chitosan d.s. c | 6 | 844 (103) | 819 | 0.67 (143) | 0.47 | - | - |
Alfum80@chitosan d.s. c | 20 | 893 (107) | 836 | 0.58 (116) | 0.50 | - | - |
Alfum90@chitosan | 6 | 964 (107) | 904 | 0.54 (110) | 0.49 | 457 (102) | 447 |
Alfum90@chitosan | 20 | 856 (94) | 912 | 0.48 (94) | 0.51 | 434 (98) | 445 |
MIL-160 | - | 1186 | - | 0.48 | - | 368 | - |
MIL-160(60)@chitosan | 6 | 32 (4) | 769 | 0.22 (54) | 0.41 | - | - |
MIL-160(60)@chitosan | 20 | 138 (17) | 804 | 0.47 (100) | 0.47 | - | - |
MIL-160(80)@chitosan | 6 | 720 (74) | 978 | 0.34 (77) | 0.44 | 347 (91) | 380 |
MIL-160(80)@chitosan | 20 | 610 (61) | 995 | 0.29 (60) | 0.48 | 370 (98) | 376 |
MIL-160(80)@chitosan d.s. c | 6 | 858 (88) | 978 | 0.46 (105) | 0.44 | - | - |
MIL-160(80)@chitosan d.s. c | 20 | 918 (92) | 995 | 0.47 (98) | 0.48 | - | - |
MIL-160(90)@chitosan | 6 | 1068 (99) | 1082 | 0.44 (96) | 0.46 | 395 (106) | 374 |
MIL-160(90)@chitosan | 20 | 964 (88) | 1090 | 0.41 (85) | 0.48 | 392 (105) | 372 |
Composite Material | Aspergillus falconensis n = 3 | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
chitosan medium molecular weight | 3 | 5 | 5 |
chitosan crosslinked with Na5P3O10 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
Alfum60@chitosan | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Alfum80@chitosan | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Alfum90@chitosan | 2 | 0 | 0 |
MIL-160(60)@chitosan | 2 | 0 | 0 |
MIL-160(80)@chitosan | 1 | 0 | 0 |
MIL-160(90)@chitosan | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Alfum | 3 | 5 | 5 |
MIL-160 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Alfum@PVA | 2 | 3 | 3 |
MIL-160@PVA | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Alfum@Silikophen® | 5 | 5 | 5 |
MIL-160@Silikophen® | 1 | 2 | 2 |
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Jansen, C.; Tran-Cong, N.M.; Schlüsener, C.; Schmitz, A.; Proksch, P.; Janiak, C. MOF@chitosan Composites with Potential Antifouling Properties for Open-Environment Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks. Solids 2022, 3, 35-54. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids3010004
Jansen C, Tran-Cong NM, Schlüsener C, Schmitz A, Proksch P, Janiak C. MOF@chitosan Composites with Potential Antifouling Properties for Open-Environment Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks. Solids. 2022; 3(1):35-54. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids3010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleJansen, Christian, Nam Michael Tran-Cong, Carsten Schlüsener, Alexa Schmitz, Peter Proksch, and Christoph Janiak. 2022. "MOF@chitosan Composites with Potential Antifouling Properties for Open-Environment Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks" Solids 3, no. 1: 35-54. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids3010004