Biochemical Changes in Salivary pH and Its Correlation to Hemoglobin Levels, Calcium and Phosphate Ion Concentrations among Pregnant Women, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample Size and Study Participant Selection Procedure
2.3. Saliva Collection
2.4. Study Variables
2.5. Data Management and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Participant’s Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Description of Saliva Electrolytes Values
3.3. Saliva pH
3.4. Saliva Calcium Ion Concentration
3.5. Saliva Phosphate Ion Concentration
3.6. Correlation of Saliva pH Levels and Hemoglobin Levels among Pregnant Women
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-Pregnant (n = 20) | Pregnant (n = 60) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | |||||
Weight (kg) | 63.6 ± 12.13 | 66.18 ± 9.94 | 0.344 | ||
Height (cm) | 157.95 ± 9.93 | 157.26 ± 7.33 | 0.743 | ||
Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | ||||
BMI | Underweight (<18.5) | 6 (30) | 1 (1.67) | ||
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 12 (60) | 17 (28.33) | |||
Overweight (25–29.9) | 2 (10) | 34 (56.67) | |||
Obese (30–39.9) | 0 (0) | 8 (13.33) | |||
Hb levels | Severe anemia (<7 g/dL) | 0 (0) | |||
Moderate (7–9.9 g/dL) | 3 (5) | ||||
Mild (10–10.9 g/dL) | 20 (33.33) | ||||
Non-anemic (≥11 g/dL) | 37 (61.67) |
Non-Pregnant (n = 20) | (Pregnant n = 60) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | z-Value | Exact p-Value | |
Saliva [Ca2+] mmol/L | 1.41 (1.06–1.79) | 1.03 (0.86–1.25) | −3.145 | 0.001 |
Saliva [PO43−] mmol/L | 5.17 (4.14–6.27) | 2.94 (1.68–6.17) | −1.733 | 0.084 |
Mean ± (SD) | t-value | p-value | ||
Saliva pH | 6.67 (0.36) | 6.38 (0.49) | −2.49 | 0.015 |
Non-pregnant | First trimester | Second trimester | Third trimester | |
[Ca2+]/[PO43−] ratios (Mean ± SD) | 0.35 ± 0.31 | 0.33 ± 0.33 | 0.40 ± 0.32 | 0.53 ± 0.36 |
Correlation between saliva pH and [Ca2+]/[PO43−] ratios | Spearman’s r | 95% Confidence Interval of r | p-value | |
−0.274 | −0.471 to −0.051 | 0.014 |
Variable | (H) | Degree of Freedom | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Saliva [Ca2+] mmol/L | 9.91 | 3 | 0.019 ** | |
Saliva [PO43−] mmol/L | 12.36 | 3 | 0.006 ** | |
R2 | F | |||
Saliva pH | 0.3932 | 16.42 | 3.76 | <0.001 * |
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Mbembela, O.; Ngarashi, D.; Nyamuryekung’e, K.K. Biochemical Changes in Salivary pH and Its Correlation to Hemoglobin Levels, Calcium and Phosphate Ion Concentrations among Pregnant Women, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Oral 2023, 3, 325-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral3030027
Mbembela O, Ngarashi D, Nyamuryekung’e KK. Biochemical Changes in Salivary pH and Its Correlation to Hemoglobin Levels, Calcium and Phosphate Ion Concentrations among Pregnant Women, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Oral. 2023; 3(3):325-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral3030027
Chicago/Turabian StyleMbembela, Oscar, Davis Ngarashi, and Kasusu Klint Nyamuryekung’e. 2023. "Biochemical Changes in Salivary pH and Its Correlation to Hemoglobin Levels, Calcium and Phosphate Ion Concentrations among Pregnant Women, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study" Oral 3, no. 3: 325-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral3030027