Ten Principles for Bird-Friendly Forestry: Conservation Approaches in Natural Forests Used for Timber Production
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Forest Birds as Indicators of Biodiversity and Environmental Change
3. Conservation Approaches in Natural Forests Used for Timber Production
4. Ten Principles of Bird-Friendly Forestry
4.1. Protect and Enhance Vertical Structure through Uneven-Aged Silviculture
4.2. Leave Dead and Dying Trees and Coarse Woody Debris in Different Decay Stages
4.3. Maintain Residual Large, Green Trees
4.4. Establish and Maintain Uncut Reserves, Ideally Connected by Corridors
4.5. Maximize Forest Interior through Retaining Large Contiguous Forest Tracts
4.6. Maintain Buffers around Streams, Rivers, Wetlands, and Known Nesting Areas
4.7. Maintain Horizontal Stand Structure and Enhance Vegetation Diversity in Canopy Gaps
4.8. Extend the Temporal Scale of Logging Cycles through Prolonged Rotations
4.9. Minimize Disturbance to Forests after Logging and during the Bird Breeding Season
4.10. Manage for Focal Species and Guilds
5. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Average Age | Minimum Age | Maximum Age | Logging Age | Sample Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pine (Pinus sylvestris) | 206 | 81 | 430 | 101 | 455 |
Oak (Quercus robur) | 169 | 135 | 190 | 101 | 30 |
Aspen (Populus tremula) | 100 | 70 | 135 | 41 | 252 |
Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa) | 120 | 85 | 159 | 71 | 26 |
Spruce (Picea abies) | 157 | 119 | 210 | 81 | 17 |
Principle | Practice | References |
---|---|---|
1. Protect and enhance vertical structure | Employ uneven-aged silviculture | [8,9,23,24,28,29,33] |
2. Leave dying and dead trees and coarse woody debris | Retain snags, avoid crushing logs, and scatter tops and limbs | [7,8,21,81,82,107] |
3. Maintain residual large green trees | Protect mature trees and stands | [43,53,98,99,108,128] |
4. Integrate conservation areas into production forests | Establish and maintain uncut reserves and corridors | [62,87,103,104,109] |
5. Maximize forest interior and minimize fragmentation | Retain contiguous stands and reduce and “soften” edge areas | [6,7,8,74,102,112,119] |
6. Maintain buffers around riparian areas and nests | Protect riparian and nest sites | [6,7,8,79,120,123] |
7. Maintain horizontal stand structure | Establish small canopy caps | [14,25,57,94,107,125] |
8. Lengthen logging rotations | Increase cutting age of trees that have high value to birds | [11,40,49,79,108,125] |
9. Minimize post-logging and breeding season disturbance | Allow logging roads and trails to regenerate forest | [79,80,96,105,127,128] |
10. Manage for focal species and guilds | Identify priority species and quantitative objectives | [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,21,42,64,66,71] |
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Arcilla, N.; Strazds, M. Ten Principles for Bird-Friendly Forestry: Conservation Approaches in Natural Forests Used for Timber Production. Birds 2023, 4, 245-261. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4020021
Arcilla N, Strazds M. Ten Principles for Bird-Friendly Forestry: Conservation Approaches in Natural Forests Used for Timber Production. Birds. 2023; 4(2):245-261. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4020021
Chicago/Turabian StyleArcilla, Nico, and Māris Strazds. 2023. "Ten Principles for Bird-Friendly Forestry: Conservation Approaches in Natural Forests Used for Timber Production" Birds 4, no. 2: 245-261. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4020021