Avifaunal Diversity and Abundance in the Proposed Sarasalai Mangrove Reserve, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Waterbird Diversity
3.2. Threatened and Northern Restricted Species Recorded during This Study
4. Discussion
4.1. Livelihood Activities of People Depend
4.2. Threats to the Proposed Sarasalai Mangrove
4.3. Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Scientific Name | Common Name | Family | M/R | NCS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Francolinus pondicerianus | Grey Francolin | Phasianidae | R | EN |
2 | Dendrocygna javanica | Lesser Whistling Duck | Anatidae | R | LC |
3 | Tadorna ferruginea | Ruddy Shelduck | Anatidae | M | LC |
4 | Anas poecilorhyncha | Spot-Billed Duck | Anatidae | R | CR |
5 | Mareca penelope | Eurasian Wigeon | Anatidae | M | LC |
6 | Spatula clypeata | Northern Shoveler | Anatidae | M | LC |
7 | Anas acuta | Northern Pintail | Anatidae | M | LC |
8 | Spatula querquedula | Garganey | Anatidae | M | LC |
9 | Phoenicopterus roseus | Greater Flamingo | Phoenicopteridae | M | LC |
10 | Mycteria leucocephala | Painted Stork | Ciconiidae | R | LC |
11 | Anastomus oscitans | Asian Openbill | Ciconiidae | R | LC |
12 | Threskiornis melanocephalus | Black-Headed Ibis | Threskiornithidae | R | LC |
13 | Plegadis falcinellus | Glossy Ibis | Threskiornithidae | M | DD |
14 | Nycticorax nycticorax | Black-crowned Night Heron | Ardeidae | R | LC |
15 | Butorides striata | Striated Heron | Ardeidae | R | LC |
16 | Ardeola grayii | Indian Pond Heron | Ardeidae | R | LC |
17 | Ardea cinerea | Grey Heron | Ardeidae | R | LC |
18 | Ardea purpurea | Purple Heron | Ardeidae | R | LC |
19 | Bubulcus ibis | Cattle Egret | Ardeidae | R | LC |
20 | Ardea alba | Great Egret | Ardeidae | R | LC |
21 | Ardea intermedia | Intermediate Egret | Ardeidae | R | LC |
22 | Egretta garzetta | Little Egret | Ardeidae | R | LC |
23 | Pelecanus philippensis | Spot-Billed Pelican | Pelecanidae | R | LC |
24 | Tachybaptus ruficollis | Little Grebe | Podicipedidae | R | LC |
25 | Microcarbo niger | Little Cormorant | Phalacrocoracidae | R | LC |
26 | Phalacrocorax fuscicollis | Indian Cormorant | Phalacrocoracidae | R | LC |
27 | Anhinga melanogaster | Oriental Darter | Anhingidae | R | LC |
28 | Milvus migrans | Black Kite | Accipitridae | R | LC |
29 | Haliastur indus | Brahminy Kite | Accipitridae | R | LC |
30 | Accipiter badius | Shikra | Accipitridae | R | LC |
31 | Amaurornis phoenicurus | White-breasted Waterhen | Rallidae | R | LC |
32 | Porphyrio porphyrio | Purple Swamphen | Rallidae | R | LC |
33 | Burhinus oedicnemus | Eurasian Thick-knee | Burhinidae | R | LC |
34 | Haematopus ostralegus | Eurasian Oystercatcher | Haematopodidae | M | LC |
35 | Himantopus himantopus | Black-Winged Stilt | Recurvirostridae | R | LC |
36 | Recurvirostra avosetta | Pied Avocet | Recurvirostridae | M | LC |
37 | Vanellus malabaricus | Yellow-Wattled Lapwing | Charadriidae | R | LC |
38 | Vanellus indicus | Red-wattled Lapwing | Charadriidae | R | LC |
39 | Pluvialis fulva | Pacific Golden Plover | Charadriidae | M | LC |
40 | Charadrius asiaticus | Caspian Plover | Charadriidae | M | LC |
41 | Charadrius alexandrinus | Kentish Plover | Charadriidae | R | EN |
42 | Lymnocryptes minimus | Jack Snipe | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
43 | Limosa limosa | Black-tailed Godwit | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
44 | Numenius phaeopus | Whimbrel | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
45 | Numenius arquata | Eurasian Curlew | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
46 | Tringa totanus | Common Redshank | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
47 | Tringa stagnatilis | Marsh Sandpiper | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
48 | Tringa nebularia | Common Greenshank | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
49 | Tringa ochropus | Green Sandpiper | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
50 | Tringa glareola | Wood Sandpiper | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
51 | Actitis hypoleucos | Common Sandpiper | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
52 | Arenaria interpres | Ruddy Turnstone | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
53 | Calidris tenuirostris | Great Knot | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
54 | Calidris alba | Sanderling | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
55 | Calidris minuta | Little Stint | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
56 | Calidris temminckii | Temminck’s Stint | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
57 | Calidris ferruginea | Curlew Sandpiper | Scolopacidae | M | LC |
58 | Sterna dougallii | Roseate Tern | Laridae | R | CR |
59 | Sternula albifrons | Little Tern | Laridae | R | VU |
60 | Onychoprion anaethetus | Bridled Tern | Laridae | M, R | CR |
61 | Onychoprion fuscatus | Sooty Tern | Laridae | M, R | CR |
62 | Columba livia | Common Pigeon | Columbidae | R | LC |
63 | Streptopelia decaocto | Eurasian Collard Dove | Columbidae | R | NT |
64 | Spilopelia chinensis | Spotted Dove | Columbidae | R | LC |
65 | Psittacula krameri | Rose-Ringed Parakeet | Psittaculidae | R | LC |
66 | Clamator jacobinus | Jacobin Cuckoo | Cuculidae | R | LC |
67 | Eudynamys scolopaceus | Asian Koel | Cuculidae | R | LC |
68 | Centropus sinensis | Greater Coucal | Cuculidae | R | LC |
69 | Aerodramus unicolor | Indian Swiftlet | Apodidae | R | LC |
70 | Coracias benghalensis | Indian Roller | Coraciidae | R | LC |
71 | Merops orientalis | Green Bee-Eater | Meropidae | R | LC |
72 | Merops philippinus | Blue-tailed Bee-eater | Meropidae | M | CR |
73 | Pelargopsis capensis | Stork-Billed Kingfisher | Alcedinidae | R | LC |
74 | Halcyon smyrnensis | White-throated Kingfisher | Alcedinidae | R | LC |
75 | Alcedo atthis | Common Kingfisher | Alcedinidae | R | LC |
76 | Ceryle rudis | Pied Kingfisher | Alcedinidae | R | LC |
77 | Megalaima zeylanica | Brown-headed Barbet | Megalaimidae | R | LC |
78 | Dinopium benghalense | Lesser Golden-Backed Woodpecker | Picidae | R | LC |
79 | Pitta brachyura | Indian Pitta | Pittidae | M | LC |
80 | Oriolus xanthornus | Black Hooded Oriole | Oriolidae | R | LC |
81 | Corvus splendens | House Crow | Corvidae | R | LC |
82 | Corvus macrorhynchos | Large-billed Crow | Corvidae | R | LC |
83 | Hirundo rustica | Barn Swallow | Hirundinidae | M | LC |
84 | Artamus fuscus | Ashy Woodswallow | Artamidae | R | LC |
85 | Dicrurus macrocercus | Black Drongo | Dicruridae | R | LC |
86 | Dicrurus leucophaeus | Ashy Drongo | Dicruridae | M | LC |
87 | Anthus richardi | Richard’s Pipit | Motacillidae | M | LC |
88 | Anthus rufulus | Paddyfield Pipit | Motacillidae | R | LC |
89 | Anthus godlewskii | Blyth’s Pipit | Motacillidae | M | LC |
90 | Alauda gulgula | Oriental Skylark | Alaudidae | R | LC |
91 | Eremopterix griseus | Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark | Alaudidae | R | LC |
92 | Pycnonotus cafer | Red-vented Bulbul | Pycnonotidae | R | LC |
93 | Pycnonotus luteolus | White-browed Bulbul | Pycnonotidae | R | LC |
94 | Prinia hodgsonii | Grey-breasted Prinia | Cisticolidae | R | LC |
95 | Prinia inornata | Plain Prinia | Cisticolidae | R | LC |
96 | Orthotomus sutorius | Common Tailorbird | Cisticolidae | R | LC |
97 | Phylloscopus trochiloides | Greenish Warbler | Parulidae | M | LC |
98 | Turdoides affinis | Yellow-billed Babbler | Leiothrichidae | R | LC |
99 | Acridotheres tristis | Common Myna | Sturnidae | R | LC |
100 | Copsychus saularis | Oriental Magpie-robin | Muscicapidae | R | LC |
101 | Saxicoloides fulicatus | Indian Robin | Muscicapidae | R | LC |
102 | Dicaeum erythrorhynchos | Pale-billed Flowerpecker | Dicaeidae | R | LC |
103 | Cinnyris asiaticus | Purple Sunbird | Nectariniidae | R | LC |
104 | Cinnyris lotenius | Loten’s Sunbird | Nectariniidae | R | LC |
105 | Ploceus philippinus | Baya Weaver | Ploceidae | R | LC |
106 | Passer domesticus | House Sparrow | Passeridae | R | LC |
107 | Euodice malabarica | Indian Silverbill | Passeridae | R | LC |
Appendix B
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Site | Description | Vegetation | Water Level | Human Disturbance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Palmyra 1 | Located on a narrow footpath to the main road | Dense mangrove/paddy field/palmyra | Very low in dry season | Medium |
Palmyra 2 | Located on the same footpath close to the main road | Low mangrove/palmyra/home garden | Low in dry season and high in wet season | High |
Fishing 1 | Located outside of the main road | Low mangrove/open grasses/palmyra/home garden | Low in dry season and high in wet season | High |
Fishing 2 | Located outside of the road network | Low mangrove/open areas | Zero during dry season | High |
Road 1 | Located on the main road | Low mangrove/scattered trees/open areas with tall grasses | Medium | High |
Road 2 | Located on the main road | Dense mangrove/grasses/pond | High | High |
Road 3 | Located a little away from the main road | Low mangrove/open grasses | Zero during dry season | High |
Road 4 | Located on the main road | Dense mangrove | Medium | Low |
Location | Palmyra 1 | Palmyra 2 | Fishing 1 | Road 1 | Road 2 | Fishing 2 | Road 3 | Road 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abundance (no. of records) | 1512 | 1460 | 1620 | 3103 | 1770 | 1120 | 1047 | 1219 |
Richness | 87 | 88 | 86 | 91 | 88 | 83 | 89 | 89 |
Shannon Diversity Index (H′) | 3.47 | 3.83 | 3.72 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.83 | 4.06 | 4.06 |
Simpson Index | 0.0949 | 0.0325 | 0.0387 | 0.0534 | 0.0575 | 0.0304 | 0.0231 | 0.0229 |
Berger-Parker Dominance Index | 0.2877 | 0.0767 | 0.1130 | 0.1650 | 0.1864 | 0.0634 | 0.0573 | 0.0673 |
Margalef Richness Index | 11.7467 | 11.9410 | 11.5017 | 11.1939 | 11.633 | 11.6791 | 12.6552 | 12.3843 |
Reciprocal Simpson Index | 10.4595 | 30.1329 | 25.4440 | 18.6045 | 17.2234 | 31.9218 | 41.6572 | 42.1609 |
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Share and Cite
Aloysius, N.; Madhushanka, S.; Chandrika, C. Avifaunal Diversity and Abundance in the Proposed Sarasalai Mangrove Reserve, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Birds 2023, 4, 103-116. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4010009
Aloysius N, Madhushanka S, Chandrika C. Avifaunal Diversity and Abundance in the Proposed Sarasalai Mangrove Reserve, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Birds. 2023; 4(1):103-116. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleAloysius, Nitharsan, Shashi Madhushanka, and Chathuri Chandrika. 2023. "Avifaunal Diversity and Abundance in the Proposed Sarasalai Mangrove Reserve, Jaffna, Sri Lanka" Birds 4, no. 1: 103-116. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4010009