Understanding the Influencing Factors of Pro-Environmental Behavior in the Hotel Sector of Mauritius Island

Abstract

This quantitative study explored the factors influencing pro-environmental behavior (PEB) among hotel guests by integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with additional constructs. Data were collected from a sample of hotel guests through surveys and analyzed using both SPSS for inferential statistics and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for structural equation modeling. The analysis involved the assessment of measurement and structural models to ensure reliability and validity. The results revealed significant relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention toward PEB. Additionally, environmental knowledge and normative beliefs were found to play critical roles in shaping guests’ intentions. Using both SPSS and PLS-SEM provided a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting PEB, confirming the proposed hypotheses and offering insights for promoting sustainable practices in the hospitality industry.

1. Introduction

The hospitality business is an important economic pillar for many locations, and the accommodation sector in islands like Mauritius plays a vital role in promoting and implementing sustainable tourism. The 2015 Paris Agreement (COP21) underscored the significance of sustainable lifestyles and consumption patterns in addressing climate change, emphasizing the necessity to comprehend guest behaviors within this framework [1].

Understanding the consumption patterns within hotels is important for the overall success and sustainability of the sector. PEB entails behaviors taken by a person to diminish their detrimental effects on the environment, ranging from water and energy conservation to reduction in waste. The importance of pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) in the hotel industry cannot be overstated. With increasing worldwide environmental concerns, hotel operators and guests are more concerned about their environmental footprint and what related contributions they can bring toward being more sustainable [2]. Comprehending the consumption patterns of hotel guests and incorporating PEBs into regular hotel activities remains an essential component for the longevity of the hospitality sector. The inherent interdependence between guest behaviors and a hotel’s environmental performance, the choices and practices among hotel guests, such as energy usage, water conservation, responsible waste disposal, and engagement in sustainable practices, are critical drivers determining a hotel’s environmental impact [3]. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are islands that are very sensitive to international and climate changes in the event of any environmental calamity that may happen in the world. Incorporating sustainable tourism practices and pro-environmental behavioral analysis can aid in the longevity of major economic sectors like tourism. SIDS, like Mauritius, are sensitive to environmental issues, including torrential rains, fluctuating rainfall patterns, global warming, droughts, and global scarcity of resources, to name a few. The practice of sustainable tourism strategies, such as promoting PEB, is crucial in managing the challenges and future readiness of the tourism industry [4].

This study seeks to investigate the determinants of pro-environmental behavior (PEB) among hotel visitors, as well as evaluate the consequences and strategies for attaining and preserving environmental sustainability. This study additionally utilizes an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine the dynamics of pro-environmental behavior (PEB) among hotel guests in Mauritius, based on a comprehensive evaluation of the existing literature. An analysis of guest consumption patterns is essential for grasping the ecological impacts of hotels in line with the worldwide sustainability goals. Policymakers can enhance the evaluation of a hotel’s ecological impacts by including visitor behaviors in their sustainability assessments, resulting in a more comprehensive framework for the future [5]. The examination of visitor consumption patterns and their direct impact on hotel environmental footprint are in line with worldwide sustainability objectives [6] and previous studies that relate to the numerous benefits and contributions arising from understanding guests’ consumption patterns [7,8]. From a policy perspective, the inclusion of guest behaviors in sustainability assessments caters to a more comprehensive and accurate picture of a hotel’s ecological impact, facilitating effective policy formulation and evaluation [7,8,9,10]. This work consequently aimed to address the existing research gap, namely, for island states who bet on tourism as an economic generator, by examining and documenting the intricate correlation between factors influencing guest consumption patterns within varied hotel categories of Mauritius. The purpose of the presented study was to investigate guests’ behavioral intentions and their propensity to engage in one way or another. Such findings aim to contribute to the enhancement of more responsible tourist consumption to support sustainable consumption patterns within hotels. The specific objectives were as follows:

• To compare different theories of behavior and apply the elaborated version of the TPB to the analysis of tourists’ behaviors;
• To isolate the factors that determine tourist consumption patterns within hotels;
• To offer specific consultancy concerning how understanding the behaviors of consumers may, in turn, enhance the hotel industry’s sustainability.

2. A Literature Review

2.1. Understanding Consumption Patterns in Hotels

The need for the tourism and hospitality sectors to embrace pro-environmental behaviors to shift toward sustainable practices is emphasized in the literature, as highlighted by [9]. The hotel sector exhibits a robust dedication to environmental sustainability through the implementation of policies, practices, as well as actions that endorse eco-friendly activities and dissemination of information to consumers regarding green initiatives [10]. Along the same vein, the relevance of the term “pro-environmental behavior”, which refers to a range of activities intended to save the environment, sets in well. Pro-environmental behavior is also known as “environmentally responsible behavior”, “environmentally friendly behavior”, or “environmental conservation behavior” [11]. With an accelerated rate of environmental deterioration, Ref. [12] asserts that there is an imperative need to comprehend the behavioral patterns of visitors.

For instance, [13] found that the incorporation of environmental sustainability into a company’s operations led to enhanced organizational value. It is crucial for individuals to actively engage in actions such as conserving water and energy, recycling, reducing waste, minimizing carbon emissions, and using sustainable products and services to effectively mitigate environmental impact. Environmental sustainability within the hotel sector has emerged as a result of concerns about how the negative impacts of depleting natural resources have repercussions on economic and social progress [14,15]. Consequently, a transition toward adopting more environmentally prone behaviors is imperative to effectively adopt environmental sustainability, which can be achieved by mitigating individual actions, thus yielding favorable environmental outcomes [16].

The hotel and tourism industries significantly rely on the natural environment and view the implementation of PEB as crucial [17]. To ensure the long-term survival of their businesses while meeting customers’ expectations, industries need to give top priority to their focus on sustainability. Accordingly, it involves actively encouraging and fostering environmentally friendly habits among both employees and customers. More efforts from stakeholders in mitigating environmental damage are emphasized by [18], who further defends that focusing on the actions that individuals can undertake to minimize their ecological footprint is a must. It has additionally been observed by [19] that well-informed hotel guests can make informed decisions, thus further motivating hotels to adopt sustainable practices. The long-term sustainability of the hotel and tourism businesses heavily relies on pro-environmental conduct as they interlink the actions of visitors who can potentially greatly contribute to environmental conservation [20]. The decisions individuals make are greatly influenced by their attitudes [21], and research conducted by [22] validates the connection between visitors’ activities and environmental issues. The PEB approach signifies the importance of minimizing the adverse ecological consequences resulting from individual behaviors [18]. This is particularly critical in tackling the climate-related difficulties faced by developing islands such as Mauritius.

PEB, which refers to concrete individual-level actions, aims to promote environmental sustainability, such as waste reduction and energy conservation [23]. Accordingly, several theoretical models have been reviewed over the years to contribute to this debate, and the following provides an overview of the use of varied theoretical models and practices in the hotel sector. For instance, the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), when applied to tourism and hospitality, has highlighted the significance of observational learning and self-efficacy in promoting sustainable practices among employees [24,25]. The Norm Activation Model (NAM) has been used to lay emphasis on the influence of personal standards and understanding of consequences that drive environmental action, which hotels use to cultivate moral obligation and commitment to sustainability [26,27]. The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) has been referenced as a model that has facilitated the emphasis on sustainable behaviors by influencing attitudes. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has often been referenced as a crucial model in formulating interventions by targeting attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control when targeting and enhancing energy conservation and waste reduction in hotels [28,29].

Additionally, the Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB) are theories that have laid focus on evaluating factors that impact pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) [30,31,32]. On the other hand, additional research investigating several other practices within the industry, such as energy consumption [32,33,34], food buying [35,36], travel and tourism [37,38,39,40], and reuse and recycling [41], have also reemphasized the relevance of having the right behavior toward environmental practices. Other research works have, in parallel, reinforced the challenges of connecting belief concepts to behavior [42,43]. Understanding leisure behaviors and attitudes plays a central role in the sustenance of tourism [44]. This study of human behaviors in the tourism sector [45] has been evidenced from sound empirical studies that the feeling of connectedness to nature stimulates individual engagement in pro-environmental behavior and may counter environmental impacts [46,47,48]. The above-mentioned theoretical models and their relevance to the hotel industry are critically discussed below.

2.2. Theories of Behavior as Applied to the Tourism Industry

The theoretical understanding of the pro-environmental behavior within the tourism industry has been based on a range of past research studies and behavioral theories applied to interpret pro-environmental behavior (PEB). The Norm Activation Model (NAM) has historically emphasized the role of personal norms and the awareness of consequences when studying pro-environmental behaviors. This model specifically states that individuals are more inclined to engage in pro-environmental behavior when they foresee a moral need to act. The Norm Activation Model (NAM) is based on an accurate perception of the consequences and responsibility pertaining to personal norms. It theorizes that awareness and a sense of personal responsibility can lead to the enforcement/sanctioning [49,50] of environmental behavior norms. When people have knowledge about future consequences and feel responsible, they are more likely to engage in pro-environmental behavior (PEB) [51]. NAM’s fundamental strength resides in its emphasis on personal norms and the ethical duty to engage in pro-environmental actions.

Hotels that effectively employ NAM principles emphasize the ethical aspects of sustainability. Hotels utilize NAM to enhance knowledge of environmental issues and cultivate a sense of ethical responsibility toward sustainable operations. This encompasses educational initiatives and prominent sustainability endeavors [26,27]. According to [46], it is known that tourists may have a positive personal voice with respect to environmental impact and awareness, and they may also be willing to accomplish pro-environmental behaviors, but some of their thinking sometimes feels missing and incomplete.

According to [52], many hotels offer recycling bins in rooms and common areas, and these initiatives improve overall hotel waste segregation and recycling. For example, hotel recycling rates have increased due to precise labeling and strategic container placement [52]. This aligns with the NAM that by helping guests understand their waste disposal options and highlighting the moral obligation to recycle, a change in behavior can happen. Energy-saving activities are another hotel sustainability technique, and the study by [53] found that hotels align their sustainability goals with their customers’ values by clearly demonstrating the environmental benefits of energy-saving initiatives and offering guests ways to reduce energy use. Green amenities like biodegradable toiletries, reusable water bottles, and low-flow showerheads are widespread in hotels. According to [54], hotels that offer eco-friendly services are more likely to have guests adopt sustainable practices, which is consistent with NAM because it offers visitors sustainable options.

The Norm Activation Model (NAM) is helpful. Nonetheless, despite the acknowledged advantages of the NAM model in fostering pro-environmental behaviors in hotels by highlighting personal norms and ethical accountability, there are potential challenges as well. A significant difficulty is the inconsistency in converting personal norms into concrete actions. For instance, it was observed in tourists, who, despite favorable attitudes, may still encounter fragmented reasoning or a disjunction in their actual pro-environmental behaviors when staying at a hotel [26,27]. Although activities such as recycling programs and energy conservation measures increase awareness, they do not consistently foster long-term pro-environmental behaviors [52,53]. Though, as mentioned in the study by [54], offerings, such as biodegradable toiletries, have had a favorable impact on guest behavior, a disparity persists between guest intentions and sustained commitment to sustainable practices. This suggests that NAM-based practices alone may be inadequate, as additional psychological and contextual elements also affect behavior [52].

One of the additional ways used to discover environmental sustainability in some industries, including the hotel industry, has been the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP). Research states that the continuous improvement of hotels through new strategies positively impacts the environment [55]. The incorporation of NEP theory into hotel operations can make it easier to move forward with policies and procedures that are in step with the current global focus on environmental stewardship [56]. NEP aims to better the perception of individual and, in return, enhance their willingness toward environmental protection and action [57].

The New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) has been acknowledged as an effective framework for encouraging pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) within the hotel industry. In the hotel industry, the use of NEP has supported the development of policies and operations that conform to international sustainability objectives, including energy conservation, water management, and waste reduction [58]. As hotels make efforts to develop eco-conscious brand identity and motivate their guests to engage in sustainability efforts, the NEP’s focus on altering perceptions with regard to environmental sustainability is especially pertinent. Integrating NEP as a theoretical model in the hotel strategy enables the management to improve guest awareness and foster greater commitment to sustainable practices [58]. The impact is seen in domains such as sustainable amenities, environmental certifications, and corporate social responsibility initiatives, all of which correspond with NEP’s goals of fostering environmental stewardship.

While NEP provides several opportunities, its potential for implementation within the hotel business is often questioned. An opportunity exists in utilizing NEP’s capacity to build guests’ ecological attitudes, thereby distinguishing hotels from their competitors and enhancing their visibility among environmentally conscious guests [59]. The challenge lies in the fact that whereas NEP can shape views, the conversion of these perceptions into consistent pro-environmental behavior cannot be ensured. Guests may continue to prioritize comfort and convenience over sustainability, while hotels may thrive and face operational and financial limitations in the full implementation of NEP-driven policies. Consequently, whereas NEP establishes a robust foundation, its efficacy relies on surmounting behavioral obstacles and sustaining long-term dedication.

The Values–Beliefs–Norms Theory is a value-based theory that represents both altruistic and selfish, hedonist and pro-biosphere-care (or endorsement-based) values. The rational choice model, in contrast with the norm activation hypothesis, which does not include people’s beliefs, is relevant. These values have been shown in previous studies to be important predictors of various motivations: preservation of nature and well-being for others; personal safety and resources; and self-enhancement or utilitarism with several attributes, including hedonism [60,61]. For instance, in the context of hotels, VBN is crucial in comprehending how guests’ environmental concerns may be used to promote sustainable practices, including energy conservation and trash reduction. Hotels can attract guests’ biospheric and altruistic values by promoting eco-friendly services or emphasizing their role in environmental preservation, thereby stimulating guests’ personal norms to engage in environmentally responsible behavior [58,62]. A study conducted by [63] investigated the impact of hotel guests’ values on their engagement in energy-saving initiatives. This work has revealed that individuals who have robust biospheric and altruistic values were more inclined to reduce their use of energy when provided with clear and explicit information regarding potential environmental advantages.

Values act as antecedents to environmental attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. This theory posits that values can be used to predict how people relate to the natural environment [64]. For instance, biospheric concerns and general altruism, as well as concern with oneself, were associated with PEB [65]. Another study conducted by [66] concluded how hotels might utilize the VBN framework to minimize waste by using environmentally sustainable facilities. Hotels that substituted single-use plastics with biodegradable or reusable alternatives successfully resonated with visitors’ biospheric ideals. The main advantage of VBN when employed in the hospitality sector is its capacity to engage deeply entrenched values and beliefs, often facilitating long-term change in behavior. VBN offers a framework for hotels to customize their sustainability programs to correspond with various guest values, providing a versatile method for engaging diverse audiences [67].

A barrier may exist in the complexities of value systems as guests may prioritize self-enhancement or hedonistic goals over environmental stewardship, leading to discrepancies between visitors’ attitudes and their behaviors. This may arise as guests opt for convenience and comfort over sustainability [60]. Furthermore, the use and implementation of VBN are less effective in environments where immediate, concrete incentives or social norms mostly influence behavior, often necessitating hotels to combine VBN tactics with other alternative theoretical models and insights, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Along with some other theories, Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Social Identity Theory (SIT) are among the behavioral models that have received great attention. SCT highlights the significance of observational learning, self-efficacy, and social impact in behavioral modification. Individuals acquire and modify behaviors through the observation of others and the conviction in their own capacity to execute those behaviors. SCT analyzes personal, environmental, and behavioral factors related to individual behaviors [68]. Research in tourism and hospitality has shown that the above major factors (i.e., personality, gender, and cultural background [69,70] influence various dimensions of social cognitive behavior. Bandura’s SCT stresses that self-efficacy levels shape expectation and effort, so in a hotel context relevant to our study, peer feedback may affect guests more than manager feedback [71,72]. Likewise, the notion of self-efficacy is essential in SCT; when individuals believe that their personal activities and conservation efforts may effectuate a significant environmental impact, they are more inclined to participate in these behaviors. The significance of SCT has been substantiated in work by [73], demonstrating that visitors who witness explicit environmental initiatives by the hotel—such as utilizing renewable energy or executing conspicuous recycling programs—are more inclined to emulate analogous behaviors. For instance, when hotels highlight recycling initiatives by displaying these behaviors in common spaces or via in-house media (e.g., in-room movies depicting staff segregating recyclables), it motivates guests to emulate such behavior. This reinforcement mechanism corresponds with SCT’s emphasis on the significance of rewards in sustaining behavior.

Staff social intelligence positively influences cooperation and service quality [24]. Research conducted by [63] revealed that hotels that publicly displayed sustainability initiatives—such as staff participation in recycling and implementation of energy-efficient practices—motivated guests to contend with these behaviors. The visibility of these activities corroborated SCT’s premise of observational learning. The study findings by [60] added that equipping guests with clear and accessible resources, such as recycling bins and energy conservation guidelines, enhanced their sense of self-efficacy. Guests who perceived themselves as empowered and informed regarding their environmental impact had a markedly higher propensity to engage in sustainable practices, hence validating the significance of the self-efficacy construct within Social Cognitive Theory (SCT).

Social Identity Theory (SIT): This model postulates that social factors influence individual behavior since people acting in a given culture group become aware of the cognitive orientation, thus feeling an emotional bond with this type of group’s norms [74]. SIT has a significant impact on customer loyalty in the hotel industry through trust and commitment [75]. Studies in the hospitality sector demonstrated that brand awareness, satisfaction, reputation, and trust affected customer loyalty, especially in luxury hotels [14].

Recent research indicated that SIT could be effectively utilized in the hotel business to promote PEBs. A study by [76] examined the promotion of eco-friendly practices via social identity frameworks and revealed that when hotels presented their environmental activities as congruent with the beliefs of specific social groups—such as eco-conscious consumers—guests were more inclined to participate in and endorse these initiatives. This corresponds with SIT’s claim that individuals are driven to behave to enhance their social group identity. Moreover, hotels that effectively employ SIT-based methods see increased client loyalty. The study conducted by [77] found that individuals affiliated with eco-conscious social groups were more inclined to endorse hotels using sustainable measures. Visitors’ alignment of social identity with sustainability goals significantly influences their pleasure and loyalty toward hotels that use the SIT methods [78].

SIT focuses on using social identities to promote environmental efforts and helps promote PEBs. Recent studies show that hotels can obtain an advantage while using SIT as it can boost guest engagement and loyalty by aligning their green policies with target social groups, like in the case of eco-conscious travelers [76,77]. This validates SIT as a theory as it promotes sustainable guest behavior and boosts the hotel’s social responsibility. On the other hand, though SIT has several potentials, a major challenge arising from its use is to ensure that the right social groups that embody pro-environmental principles are clearly identified. As highlighted by [78], hotels must ensure that proper market study is undertaken to ensure that their green activities align with their targeted guests’ profiles. These crucial factors need to be carefully addressed when implementing SIT principles, as there exists the risk of hotels being seen as practicing greenwashing [79].

The Theory of Planned Behavior is another common theory that recognizes the influence of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on human behavior; hence, individuals base themselves on actions, including the adoption of environmentally sensitive behaviors [80]. “Behaviors are the direct result of specific intentions, which in turn depend on attitudes” [81]. According to the reviewed literature, the TPB has been applied to behavior analysis and environmental psychology [28,82]; they include energy conservation and sustainable food choices, as well as recycling travel-mode choices. It links human behavior persuasion intention with the motives of participation, such as in environmental governance, where human perceptions and attitudes determine the influence of the environmental reason in persuading participation. The framework, therefore, helps in understanding factors influencing intentions and behavior in the tourism, travel, and hospitality sectors, especially in environmental signification behavior.

In the hospitality industry, TPB has been employed at multiple intervals to investigate multiple facets of guest behavior concerning environmental sustainability. For example, the recent study by [83] utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine customers’ intentions regarding participation in hotel recycling programs. Their findings indicated that favorable attitudes toward recycling, robust subjective norms (e.g., social pressure from peers), and elevated perceived behavioral control (e.g., accessibility of recycling facilities) substantially enhanced guests’ intentions to participate in recycling activities. The research by [84] similarly examined the impact of the Theory of Planned Behavior on guests’ intentions to conserve energy throughout their visits. Favorable attitudes toward energy saving, the perceived ease of adopting such behaviors, and encouraging subjective norms (e.g., reminders from hotel personnel) substantially enhanced guests’ intent to conserve energy. This research has, thus, validated that when hotels successfully conveyed the advantages of energy saving and facilitated visitor participation, it significantly influenced their behavioral intentions, clearly meeting the goals of TPB.

Anoter study completed by [83] consisted of setting recycling bins in popular locations and supplying guests with explicit information on waste segregation. The hotels also incorporated awareness programs to cultivate favorable attitudes toward recycling and highlighted the social norms associated with recycling within the hotel. The research findings indicated that these TPB-based initiatives significantly enhanced guests’ recycling intentions and behaviors. This successful application of the Theory of Planned Behavior demonstrates that hotels can successfully improve guest participation in pro-environmentally prone initiatives through specific interventions that focus on attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control.

The application of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in encouraging sustainable food choices within hotel restaurants was also examined by [85]. The researchers employed strategies to modify guests’ attitudes regarding sustainable dining by emphasizing the environmental advantages of selecting locally sourced and organic foods. Their influence on subjective norms was achieved through endorsements from local sustainability advocates, while perceived behavioral control was enhanced by providing convenient options for sustainable food choices. The research indicated that strategies based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) could positively enhance guests’ intentions to select sustainable food options, thereby confirming the effectiveness of TPB in promoting environmentally conscious dining practices. Moreover, the application of TPB principles resulted in heightened pro-environmental intentions and behaviors among guests when hotels prominently showcased their environmental certifications and communicated their sustainability initiatives. This finding is concluded by the research by [86], which examined the effects of TPB-based interventions incorporating green certifications on guests’ environmental behaviors. The work indicated that favorable perceptions of the hotel’s sustainability initiatives, reinforced by perceived behavioral control (such as visible recycling facilities) and supportive subjective norms (including promotion of eco-friendly practices by hotel staff), significantly impacted guests’ engagement in environmental programs.

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) efficiently informs the establishment of targeted interventions that consider specific factors affecting behavior, including attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control [84]. In the implementation of TPB theory, its use of self-reported data may not precisely reflect behavior [85]. The TPB model has the limitation of oversimplifying behavioral change by focusing on individual factors and potentially disregarding organizational or systemic challenges that affect environmental practices [86]. Due to these limitations, TPB is a valuable framework but should be applied with other methods to address the varied character of pro-environmental behavior in different hotel environments.

Table 1. A summary of literature review findings.

Theoretical Model	Main Variables/Themes	Comparison to TPB
Norm Activation Model (NAM)	Awareness of Consequences (AC) Ascription of Responsibility (AR) Personal Norms (PN)	NAM emphasises morality through personal norms and perceived consequences. In contrast, TPB emphasizes attitudes, subjective standards, and perceived behavioral control. Although both examine subjective impacts, NAM emphasizes moral and ethical factors.
New Environmental Paradigm (NEP)	Environmental Concern Beliefs about Environmental Issues Ecological Worldview	NEP focuses on environmental attitudes and worldviews that affect environmental concern. TPB emphasizes behavioral attitudes rather than environmental views. TPB prioritizes behavior-specific goals over worldviews.
Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) Theory	Values Beliefs Norms Norm Activation (similar to NAM)	The VBN model integrates values and beliefs, which correspond to the TPB’s emphasis on attitudes. The inclusion of values in VBN serves to create a comprehensive framework for comprehending motivation, while TPB is more focused on behavioral intentions. Although Value-Based Networks (VBN) integrate values and beliefs, both prioritize norms.
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)	Observational Learning Self-Efficacy Outcome Expectations Reciprocal Determinism	Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) places significant emphasis on self-efficacy and observational learning, specifically examining how individuals acquire knowledge from their surroundings and develop confidence in carrying out certain actions. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) similarly takes into account behavioral control, although it places less emphasis on observational learning or reciprocal determinism.
Social Identity Theory (SIT)	Social Categorization Social Identification Social Comparison In-group and Out-group Dynamics	Social Identity Theory (SIT) concentrates on the intricate relationship between group dynamics and social identity, which shape behavior by means of group norms and identity. TPB primarily examines individual-level attitudes and perceived control, while Social Identity Theory (SIT) highlights the influence of group membership and social identity on behavior.
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)	Attitudes Subjective Norms Perceived Behavioral Control Behavioral Intentions	(TPB) is characterized by its emphasis on intentions as a direct antecedent to conduct. Attitudes, subjective standards, and perceived behavioral capability exert influence on these intentions. In contrast to other theories that may emphasize particular motivational elements or environmental beliefs, this theory has a wider scope of application to diverse behaviors.

below provides a critical overview of the above-discussed theoretical models, focusing on the major variables determining the related theory. Through the above review, this work has provided an analysis of the varying factors influencing each theoretical model in comparison to TPB.

Among other theoretical models, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is particularly applicable in influencing pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) in hotels. The Norm Activation Model (NAM) and Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) Theory focus on moral and value-based motivations [26,68]. However, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) establishes a clear connection between intents and specific behaviors by considering attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived functional control [28]. This strategy enables hotels to implement significant and quantifiable interventions to tackle these crucial challenges. The techniques based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can directly target and influence visitors’ attitudes and perceived control to enhance their intent to save energy, in contrast to the New Energy Policy (NEP) proposed by [84,87]. Although Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Social Identity Theory (SIT) offer valuable understanding of self-efficacy and social group dynamics [24,88], the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) offers a more straightforward and specific approach to behavior modification by emphasizing intention creation and control. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is concise and valuable for promoting PEB in the hotel industry. It emphasizes behavioral intentions and practical influences, enabling hotels to implement targeted strategies that are more easily observable and assessable.

Through its specific variables, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) provides a strong foundation for encouraging pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) and assuring long-term sustainability in the hotel industry. These factors collaboratively improve the execution and efficiency of PEB strategies. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is an effective paradigm for analyzing hotel pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) by focusing on attitudes, subjective standards, and perceived behavioral control. TPB helps uncover visitor motivations for energy reduction, recycling, and sustainable food choices. TPB helps hotels build focused, practical solutions by targeting guests’ attitudes toward certain behaviors, leveraging subjective standards, and decreasing perceived impediments. Its focus on behavioral goals helps promote long-term sustainability and guest engagement in pro-environmental efforts.

Based on the above theoretical model description highlighting the opportunities and challenges, this research used the TPB to determine intentions and behavior on environmental sustainability. Moreover, the main variable retained in this research is intention, which is influenced by attitude, subjective norms, and behavioral control. As highlighted in the last paragraph, though similar to other models, TPB has its opportunities but also has a major challenge: the potential to disregard certain factors. To complement this lacuna, this research has adopted an extended version of the TPB model. The major variables considered in the extended TPB model include Environmental Commitment, Environmental Concern, Environmental Consciousness, and Environmental Knowledge factors in assessing PEB among hotel guests. According to the reviewed literature, the factors are an indication of psychological and contextual antecedents of PEB.

2.3. Extended TPB Variables Applied to This Research

Unlike other behavioral models, such as the Norm Activation Model (NAM) and the Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) Theory, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) establishes a more direct connection between intentions and behavior by including particular variables like Environmental Knowledge and Commitment. While NAM and VBN place significant emphasis on moral principles and values, they may not comprehensively examine the role of knowledge and commitment in influencing behavior within particular domains such as hospitality. Combined with the extended environmental factors, TPB’s systematic approach to intention formation offers a more comprehensive framework for developing interventions and policies that address both cognitive and emotional aspects of behavior.

Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to include Environmental Commitment, Environmental Concern, Environmental Consciousness, and Environmental Knowledge enhances its applicability in understanding pro-environmental behavior (PEB) among hotel guests. Environmental Commitment reflects long-term motivations, while Environmental Concern captures emotional and moral influences on behavior. Environmental Consciousness gauges awareness and understanding of environmental impacts, and Environmental Knowledge assesses the impact of information on decision-making. By incorporating these factors, the TPB model provides a more nuanced understanding of how various psychological and contextual elements shape individuals’ intentions and actions toward sustainability.

2.3.1. Environmental Commitment and Attitudes

Environmentalism means being concerned and committed to the environment, which can be shown through eco hotel programs or, for instance, using fewer resources during hotel stays [88]. To build positive attitudes toward PEB, hotels should promote environmental engagement and make their sustainability options visible and easily accessible. This will increase the perceived value and effectiveness of the actions and change guests’ attitudes [89,90]. Adding practical elements to sustainability initiatives can help hotels bridge the gap between guests’ intentions and willingness to act on PEB while staying at the hotel. Despite the relevance, it was, however, noted in this study that the hypothesis that environmentalism directly affected guests’ perceptions of pro-environmental behavior (PEB) was not supported. Although there is an intuitive link between commitment and positive attitudes, the analysis found no significant effect of environmentalism on attitudes toward PEB [91]. Guests who express support for environmental causes do not necessarily mean that they will specifically act in a more environmentally prone manner within a hotel context. These findings are consistent with other studies that show that expressing environmental concern is easier than acting on specific behavioral intentions [92,93].

2.3.2. Environmental Concerns and Attitudes

Environmental concern refers to the level of worry individuals have over environmental issues and their readiness to actively address these concerns. This issue impacts the positive attitudes toward engaging in pro-environmental behavior (PEB) and sustainability initiatives [94]. Research utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) demonstrates a direct relationship between pro-environmental behavior (PEB) and environmental concern. Guests’ environmental awareness results in a desire for eco-friendly hotels [94], a willingness to financially back sustainable services [95], an intention to conserve water during their stay [95], and a motivation to embrace eco-friendly behaviors in their everyday lives [96]. Informing tourists about local environmental difficulties and the significance of sustainable practices can also shape their environmental awareness and behaviors [97].

2.3.3. Environmental Consciousness and Attitudes

Environmental awareness means being aware and taking care of the impact on the environment [40]. Research has shown that tourists decide to stay in a hotel based on their environmental awareness, eco-labels, and willingness to participate in pro-environmental activities, which, in turn, contribute to the relevance of Environmental Consciousness. These are key to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model [93,98]. Hotels can create an eco-friendly environment by offering tangible services and products that encourage eco-friendly behavior among guests [93]. By focusing on guests’ behavior, attitudes, knowledge, eco-certifications, and labels, hotels can improve their environmental awareness and practices [99]. Marketing strategies that involve guests in eco-initiatives or activities can influence their likelihood of choosing eco-friendly hotels [100]. Moreover, the form and functionality of a hotel can affect the emotional appeal and behavior of its guests [101]. Leaders and managers have a big role to play in promoting environmental awareness by highlighting shared values and ethical considerations that will motivate employees to adopt environmental practices [102]. Aligning an organization’s ideals with psychological elements is crucial to encouraging sustainable practices in hotels.

2.3.4. Environmental Knowledge and Behavioral Intention

Environmental knowledge, which refers to the comprehension of environmental concerns, the effects of human activities, and the advantages of eco-friendly actions, has the potential to enhance guests’ inclination to engage in pro-environmental behaviors (PEB). Hotels can augment this by providing visitors with information regarding environmental concerns, hotel regulations, and measures to mitigate any negative effects during their visit. By incorporating technology, such as mobile applications, one can offer captivating and innovative information regarding sustainability, thus increasing guests’ inclinations to acquire knowledge and actively engage in environmentally friendly practices [103]. These instructional tools promote comprehension and behavioral intentions, resulting in ongoing engagement in PEB and augmenting wider sustainability initiatives [104,105].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Research Design

The present study utilized quantitative methods to investigate the associations between attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, environmental knowledge, and pro-environmental behavior (PEB) among hotel guests in Mauritius. This study attempted to objectively assess these characteristics and create credible theories by utilizing generalizable data gathering approaches such as questionnaires and surveys [106]. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a well-established framework used to predict and understand human behavior. It establishes that behavior is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, which shape behavioral intentions and, subsequently, actual behaviors [107]. Extending TPB to include environmental variables such as environmental knowledge, awareness, commitment, and consciousness can offer deeper insights into pro-environmental behavior (PEB).

The extended TPB model incorporates several environmental variables as opposed to the traditional framework. The researchers employed quantitative techniques, specifically SPSS and SEM, to examine hypotheses, validate theoretical concepts, and analyze the correlations, goodness of fit, and their magnitudes [107].

Accordingly, to ensure measurement and validity, the quantitative analysis catered for accurate measurement of elements in the expanded Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model, including environmental knowledge, awareness, commitment, and consciousness. These constructs can be implemented using validated survey instruments, such as those developed by [108]. Ensuring consistent measurement across studies is crucial for validating the predictions of the extended TPB model and guaranteeing dependable results. The use of exploratory data analysis in multiple regression and path analysis allowed for the identification of important factors associated with PEB. Utilizing quantitative techniques such as Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) or multiple regression analysis can uncover the statistical associations between the extended TPB variables and pro-environmental behaviors exhibited by hotel visitors. For example, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) enabled the researchers to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of environmental knowledge and commitment on behavioral intentions and actual behaviors [109]. Through quantification of these correlations, researchers can gain an understanding of the variables that exert the most important influence on PEB.

The inclusion of high sample sizes in this study helped to ensure that the results may be generalized to the broader population [110]. This study employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, utilizing regression analysis to evaluate the degree of correlation between theoretical components. This process served to confirm or refute the hypotheses put forth [110]. The quantitative analysis was also used to assess the ability of the extended TPB model. Integrating environmental knowledge and consciousness into the TPB framework led the researchers to evaluate the extent to which these supplementary variables improved the model’s predictive power for guests’ pro-environmental behaviors [111]. The findings may, hence, assist hotel administrators in creating focused measures to promote eco-conscious behaviors among their visitors.

Using a cross-sectional methodology comprising structured questionnaires allowed for the data collection from hotel visitors. This approach provided a momentary overview of the connections between variables associated with PEB, as the selected sample could enhance the generalizability of the findings to various groups and circumstances [112].

Careful attention was paid to ensuring that limitations attached to the use of quantitative analysis were addressed. We, for instance, ensured that the relationship established among the variables under study was not oversimplified to distort the intricate constructions. Another obstacle is the potential for model overfitting, which occurs when the model becomes excessively intricate due to the inclusion of several variables, resulting in less broadly applicable outcomes. The researchers ensured that the enlarged TPB model maintained both parsimony and theoretical soundness.

3.2. Population and Sample Size

The population of concern in this study are the hotel visitors within Mauritius Island and the sample group of hotel guests. The method of sampling used was the non-probability. The convenience sampling method is a type of non-probabilistic sampling technique where participants for this study are chosen irrespective of their availability for this study. This method is employed due to its feasibility, efficiency, and non-guzzling of a lot of resources, hence enabling the researcher to gain information within a short period. Convenience sampling is a common method used in exploratory research studies and pilot tests, mainly due to its ease of implementation and the fact that the objective of convenience sampling is not to generate a stranglehold on necessity. Nonetheless, even though convenience sampling may have certain drawbacks like bias and restricted generalization, this approach is justified in the research when access to a more representative sample is either time or budget or otherwise logistically impossible [113].

Firstly, by employing convenience sampling, this study focused exclusively on hotels where it was feasible to meet the guests and gather pertinent data. This enabled the researchers to surmount challenges related to the availability and clarity of the data. Although there were limitations in terms of participation, convenience sampling was found to be a suitable strategy for fulfilling the research requirements. To properly conduct this study, it is advisable to focus on hotels where data are readily available and accessible, taking into account operational limitations and varying levels of data transparency [113].

The visiting tourist population was the main target audience for the survey, and it is worth highlighting that every year before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, Mauritius, as a reputed island destination, welcomes approximately one million tourists. According to [114], 990,000 tourists visited Mauritius by the end of 2022. The sampling in this particular study included convenient sampling and purposive sampling; the sampling choice is justified by such characteristics as participants staying at hotels. Note that more than 400 questionnaires were dispersed among tourists who were staying at diverse hotels for both leisure and official purposes, forming the basis for data collection. Taking into account possible biases and limitations, particular attention was brought to addressing the same issues while gathering the data on consumption patterns and trends, as well as when capturing guest information about their behavioral preferences and attitudes. Accordingly, to address potential limitations, the researcher ensured that the data were collected from a diverse range of participants by systematically varying the times and locations where guests were approached [115]. Taking that into account removed chances of having a biased sample, thus ensuring that only hotel guests who were frequently present in common areas and were likely to participate were included in this study, but a wide-spread group of respondents were reached.

Another important factor that was considered when selecting the sample for this study was to ensure that the sample was accurately selected, fairly represented by the broader population of hotel guests, and was addressed by acknowledging the non-representative nature of the sample and treating the findings as exploratory rather than conclusive [115,116]. For instance, guests with stronger environmental concerns might be more willing to participate, skewing the results. This limitation was, thus, addressed by ensuring the above. In this study, convenience sampling allowed for the inclusion of study participants who were guests at the hotel. Some of them were male, and some of them were female, young and old, educated and uneducated, and of different nationalities. Because the aim of this research is to utilize statistical techniques, the target population was then estimated to be at least 300 persons.

3.3. Conceptual Framework

Environmental sustainability can be conceptualized as a developmental approach that adeptly attends to the requirements of the present generation while concurrently safeguarding the ability of future generations to meet their own needs without compromise, as advanced by [16,17,117]. The concept of environmental sustainability, which is closely linked to the development of pro-environmental behaviors (PEB), emerged as a response to increasing apprehensions regarding the detrimental impact of declining natural resources and the human environment on economic and social progress [16,17,117]. Consequently, a transition toward pro-environmental conduct is imperative to effectively achieve environmental sustainability by mitigating individual actions and yielding favorable environmental outcomes [18].

The hotel and tourism sectors place significant importance on the attributes of the natural setting and environment, making the adoption of PEB particularly essential [19]. In light of escalating environmental concerns and intensifying competition, it is unavoidable for this particular industry to cultivate solutions that effectively integrate ecological innovation with the financial performance of companies [118]. To achieve enduring viability of business operations and uphold customer satisfaction, hotels and organizations within the tourism sector must prioritize sustainability in their activities and processes. This entails actively promoting and cultivating pro-environmental behaviors among both staff members and guests. According to [20], the concept of PEB places significant emphasis on the autonomy and responsibilities of stakeholders in mitigating environmental harm. This concerns the measures individuals can take to mitigate the negative effects of their actions on the environment.

As reported by [22], customers who are better educated and aware of the hotel and tourism industry are making more discerning decisions, which benefits hotel companies. Because they understand that the choice of their hotel depends on the pro-environmental behavior that guests have chosen to adopt, these organizations are more willing to implement sustainable practices and procedures. For instance, a tourist may opt to stay in hotels that support energy management systems, recycling procedures, biodiversity protection and conservation, and other practices. In addition, guests’ pro-environmental actions help achieve the objectives of sustainable development. For example, by interacting with locals and supporting local businesses through the purchase of handicrafts and souvenirs made locally, they can improve social sustainability while simultaneously ensuring the destination’s economic viability.

Several theories have been considered to empirically support models of human behavior, which allow the research and this particular work to discern the underlying beliefs that can effectively guide interventions aimed at promoting pro-environmental behavior change. As opposed to the other theoretical models referred to in previous sections, the TPB model for behavioral analysis was retained as opposed to the VBN, NAM, and other theories, as TPB considers a more holistic and complete approach to understanding pro-environmental behaviors. Accordingly, this current study has retained and investigated all the variables highlighted by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and additionally considered other variables affecting attitude. The modified model for this study is a modified Theory of Planned Behavior, as highlighted in the Figure below, whereby Environmental Concern, Environmental Commitment, Environmental Consciousness, and Environmental Knowledge have been added as factors potentially influencing attitudes, which, in turn, influence behavioral intention and the actual behaviors of hotel guests toward developing more sustainable consumption trends. The development of the conceptual framework was informed by a range of dimensions, as discussed in the works by [27,56], and other relevant sources over time have referred to the need to adopt and foster environment-friendly behavior to hasten climate-related adjustments and reduce the overall Earth overshoot through, for example, the case of this study by reducing hotels’ ecological footprints.

Throughout numerous studies conducted over time, pro-environmental behavior (PEB) has frequently been defined as the adoption of behaviors that minimize harm to the environment or even benefit it, as previously explained. According to a study conducted by Geller in 2002, as referenced by [119], it is of utmost importance for organizations to thoroughly contemplate the following factors. The task at hand extends beyond the mere formulation of strategies to elicit desirable and constructive conduct. It is imperative to consider the following factors to achieve a more sustainable outcome. The proposed approach suggested a methodical procedure comprising four essential steps: (1) a careful selection of particular behaviors that are intended to be improved in terms of environmental quality; (2) an analysis of the contributing factors to these behaviors; (3) the application of thoughtfully planned interventions meant to modify these behaviors and their underlying causes; and (4) a thorough assessment of the effects of these interventions on the behaviors themselves, their underlying causes, as well as the general quality of the environment and human well-being. The level of environmental awareness and pro-environmental behavior (PEB) is influenced by a variety of factors.

Comprehending the various elements that impact a person’s inclination to participate in pro-environmental behavior (PEB) is a complex matter that lacks complete clarification. Normative variables, problem awareness and comprehension, and environmental attitudes have all been incorporated into previous studies [119,120,121]. Determining the elements that impact human conduct is essential to the effective application of environmental laws. It has been reiterated by [120] that it is as important to pay particular attention and to also understand the modification of actions that can potentially lead to the increased commitment of civil society or guests as applied to this work. Accordingly, based on the above and in relation to the relevant literature reviewed, the variables that were considered under the conceptual model of the Modified TPB model that were under study in this work were as follows (Figure 1). Related hypotheses were set, tested, and validated accordingly (

Table 2. Related hypotheses.

Hypotheses	Relationships Determined in the Conceptual Framework
H1	Behavioral Beliefs → Attitude
H2	Normative Beliefs → Subjective Norms
H3	Control Beliefs → Perceived Behavioral Control
H4	Environmental Concern → Attitude
H5	Environmental Commitment → Attitude
H6	Environmental Consciousness → Attitude
H7	Environmental Knowledge → Attitude
H8	Environmental Knowledge → Behavioral Intention
H9	Attitude → Behavioral Intention
H10	Environmental Knowledge → Perceived Behavioral Control
H11	Behavioral Intention → Perceived Behavioral Control
H12	Subjective Norms → Behavioral Intention
H13	Behavioral Intention → Actual Behavior

).

3.4. Data Collection Instrument

The actions undertaken by individuals daily have a direct or indirect impact on approximately two-thirds of global greenhouse gas emissions [121]. Consequently, it is imperative for certain industries, such as the hotel and tourism sector, to collaborate with their guests to effectively address their role in addressing adaptation and mitigation measures toward climate change. To evaluate the behavioral intention of visitors about their attitudes and behaviors toward hotel products and services, preference was given to a survey questionnaire to gather information from participants.

Surveys are considered a valid method when conducting descriptive, exploratory, or explanatory research. Accordingly, the survey approach works well and is appropriate for studies when the unit of analysis is individual people who, in this case, are tourists visiting hotel organizations and also when many respondents are targeted, as it is not very easy to reach them [122]. To guarantee content accuracy, the items were modified from previous research for the main constructs of the TPB model. Additionally, other items were used to measure the exogenous components of environmental consciousness, environmental commitment, environmental concern, and environmental knowledge that were the core of the extended TPB model. As reported by [123], cross-sectional study design was the most common in both developed and developing nations/regions; hence, a cross-sectional survey was employed.

The survey instrument employed in this study was motivated by the research conducted by [124]. Their study’s conclusions show a favorable correlation between psychological variables such as behaviors, norms, reasons, attitudes, perceptions, and values and environmentally sustainable behaviors. Thus, to accomplish the specified goals, these principles served as the direction for the current research work. Additionally, the survey instrument was also based on the relationship that was established by [125] between societal norms and readiness for climate change mitigation, which is largely mediated by the environmental purchasing intentions and attitudes of guests. The survey instrument was designed while keeping in mind the strong and positive correlation that was established by the work by [126] between ideas about climate change, ecologically responsible behaviors, and personal environmental standards. The study mentioned earlier also provides evidence that perceptions regarding climate change play a role in partially moderating the relationship between engagement in environmentally conscious behavior, adherence to environmental norms among staff members, and the development of an environmental identity. Other major items that were considered in the survey referred to the work by [127] reiterating that pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) were determinants of elements like environmental commitment, environmental awareness, green self-efficacy, and green living. An additional salient factor taken into account during the survey design process is the findings of a study by [128], which demonstrate the necessity of implementing effective environmental education to tackle environmental challenges.

The data collection instrument used in this study is a structured questionnaire, which has sub-sections that cover demographic details and variables relating to PEB. The survey instrument was developed by the researcher based on the modified TPB and also addressed indicators that influenced pro-environmental behaviors, behavioral intentions, and attitudes. Additionally, an analysis of existing instruments was conducted, as discussed in the preceding section. Environmental awareness, concern, consciousness, and knowledge of tourists were also captured as supported by the works by [129,130]. The main dimensions of this study were classified into twelve categories: (i) Behavioral Beliefs; (ii) Control Beliefs; (iii) Normative Beliefs; (iv) Environmental concern; (v) Environmental commitment; (vi) Environmental consciousness; (vii) Environmental Knowledge; (viii) Attitudes; (ix) Subjective Norms; (x) Perceived Behavioral Control; (xi) Behavioral Intention; and (xii) Actual Behavior. The items of the questionnaire were adopted from earlier research and theory, and the constructed instrument aimed to assess an essential set of constructs. It consists of Likert scale items to measure the following variables. This includes a section on multiple choices and Likert scale in order to assess the following concepts:

• Demographic Information: The factors are gender, age, educational level, income level, marital status, and country of origin;
• Past Experiences/Behaviors: Based on the items that evaluated the respondent’s past experiences with sustainable practices;
• Moral Norms: Studies checking the level of perceived moral responsibility with regard to PEB;
• Personal Beliefs: In this study, the following products describe the respondents’ perceptions of the benefits of PEB in general;
• Perceived Value: Items that reflect the attitude of the customers in as much as the benefits they are likely to derive by booking and staying at ecologically friendly hotels;
• Motivation: The ISQ self-estimates items that involve perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness, along with items and responses pertaining to the participants’ reasons and motivations to participate in PEB other than the self-serving financial gains;
• Willingness to Pay More: Products quantifying the consumers’ willingness to pay a premium for green hotel services;
• Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control: Product and other TPB-based concepts and items;
• Environmental Commitment, Concern, Consciousness, and Knowledge: PPE-related items to measure other factors influencing PEB other than thermal comfort.

3.5. Procedure

The data were collected by meeting the guests, and the survey was carried out in person over a period of three months.

The population consisted of hotel guests who were randomly offered an opportunity to complete the survey when checking in or out of the hotel; they could provide their consent via the hotel management, and their responses on the soft version of the questionnaire were instantly recorded by the researcher. The questions used in this study were closed-end questions, and the responses made in it were voluntary; the respondents were told that this study did not aim at revealing their identity, nor was their opinion of this study identifiable.

3.6. Data Analysis

The data analysis for this study is divided into two main analyses, namely, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics analysis, which was completed using SPSS version 25.0. The descriptive statistics were used to complete the descriptive analysis as well as to estimate Cronbach’s alpha, common method variance (CMV), outlier identification, and missing value calculation before conducting the Smart PLS analysis. In addition, to ensure that the tests were being carried out and provide a fair insight into the overall factors influencing hotel guest behaviors, this work has considered central tendency, which, in statistical analysis, allows for a clear understanding of the distribution of data. The mean value serves as a singular summary statistic that shows the average level of pro-environmental behavior exhibited by hotel guests. For instance, in a survey among guests regarding their practices, such as recycling or energy-saving behaviors, the average score may indicate the level of engagement guests have in these behaviors, as cited by [131]. This aids in comprehending overall patterns and efficacy of environmental endeavors, as using the mean scores was valuable for interval and ratio scales, where data points were evenly spaced from each other [132].

The mean test was relevant to this work as it was a statistical measure that represented the core value around which other data points were spread. It is also sensitive to focus on outliers, which are data points that deviate significantly from the average and might influence its value [112]. Gaining a comprehension of these measurements was crucial for this work as it allowed for the evaluation of the average value and spread of data for each of the influencing factors, which is necessary for precise data analysis and subsequent analysis. The relevance of the tests carried out allowed the researcher to assess and evaluate the prevalence or effectiveness of each factor in shaping the guests’ behaviors.

In order to conduct a thorough analysis, the researchers utilized Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to check the reliability and validity of the measurement and structural models. Additionally, they examined the significance of the hypotheses. This approach was described by [133]. This methodology facilitated a thorough analysis of the theoretical framework and the visitors’ Perceived Environmental Behavior. For research to produce useful results, the reliability and validity of the scales utilized are critical components [134]. Accordingly, this research considered a particular conceptual model to assess the variables of pro-environmental behaviors. According to [135], reliability would imply that if the same actions were taken in the same situation they should result in the same outcomes. The reliability of the data was ensured as the researcher self-administered all questionnaires within the selected and agreeable hotel premises. Before data collection, meetings were held with hotel managers to ensure that access was provided to hotel guests and relevant support was duly provided by the hotels, be it in terms of ethical clearances, access to hotel premises, or authorization to discuss with hotel guests. A crucial factor in ensuring the reliability of data collection was ensuring that all data were manually inserted by the researcher, who was thereof automatically saved, as a Google form was used.

The reliability of the questionnaire used in this study was of utmost importance in guaranteeing that the data collected were dependable and consistent. Moreover, reliability describes how free of random mistakes an instrument is [136]. To enhance the reliability of the questionnaire, the researcher employed a systematic approach during the development of the questionnaire and the data collection process. The questionnaire was designed to be clear, straightforward, and concise, with great care taken to use simple and easily understandable language. Every effort was made to avoid loaded or confusing questions, ensuring that participants would provide honest and unbiased responses. One of the most important steps in guaranteeing the reliability and correctness of the information gathered is questionnaire validation. Validity refers to how well a method measures what it is designed to measure and how much a research tool measures what it is meant to measure [137]. A thorough validation procedure was used in this study to evaluate the survey tool’s validity and reliability about how well the work captured the true characteristics, variances, and aspects of the physical or social world.

Various validity categories have been discussed in the literature to evaluate a measuring device’s dependability [138]. Therefore, this work focused on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to assess the validity and reliability of constructs tested within the outer model. The researcher evaluated the construct using Cronbach’s to see how reliable internal consistency was. As a result, as the validity of the questionnaire explains, one often used technique for evaluating internal consistency; dependability was also taken into consideration. According to [132], the research instrument (questionnaire) is usually employed to precisely measure this study’s topics. This study focused on construct validity, which involved evaluating whether the questionnaire items accurately measured the underlying constructs. The questionnaire was meticulously developed through a comprehensive review of the existing literature and methods as applied in this field.

In addition to these measures, the questionnaire underwent a rigorous review concerning similar works as well as the staff from the management of the hotels in the field to further enhance its reliability. Data collection was conducted with a consistent approach, ensuring that the same set of questions were asked of each respondent in the same order, contributing to the reliability of the data. Collaboration with hotel management and face-to-face interventions ensured a smooth, unbiased, and ethical data collection process. Incorporating these practices into the development and data collection process of the questionnaire underscored the careful planning and attention given to reliability without the need for deriving further statistical values.

4. Results and Discussion

This section presents a detailed analysis of this study based on both inferential and descriptive statistics. The analyses were conducted using SPSS for inferential statistics and Smart PLS for structural equation modeling (SEM). Descriptive statistics were performed using SPSS version 25.0, which also assessed Cronbach’s alpha, standard method variance (CMV), identification of outliers, and calculation of missing values. The SEM analysis comprised measurement and structural models.

As for the inferential statistical analysis, the use of SPSS for multiple regression analysis of the variables was precise and efficient. Reliability tests run by SPSS led to constructing internal consistency and identification of the factors influencing the behavioral intention. This enhanced the study’s findings by making them more authoritative and practically relevant [139]. SEM utilizing PLS-SEM helps to cover the entire framework of the measurement and structural models in a go. Measurement errors, as well as the explanatory power of the model, were discovered by SEM because of its capability to examine rich relationships between observable and latent variables. This gave more causal insights and supported the theoretical model more accurately and sturdily [140].

4.1. Descriptive Analysis

Descriptive statistics offer a general idea of the subject population and their answers. These are the simple descriptive statistics of central tendency, like the mean of the variable and dispersion-like standard deviation of the variable. Descriptive statistics were incorporated within this study as per

Table 3. Descriptive Analysis.

Variable	Mean	Std. Deviation
Attitude	3.45	0.98
Behavioral Intention	3.67	1.02
Subjective Norms	3.25	0.85
Perceived Behavioral Control	3.50	0.90
Environmental Knowledge	3.80	1.05

below to give a rich picture of the sample as well as summarize the data’s central tendency. Descriptive statistics comprised mean scores, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage, therefore giving information on the distribution and spread of the data [81]. This demographic analysis is useful while trying to place the identified factors in relation to the respondents, as seen from their age, gender, level of education, and income levels. Moreover, descriptive statistics also assist in revealing trends and/or outliers of the dataset; only then the inferential analysis would be conducted on an adequate and relevant dataset. This primary step helps increase the methodological stringency of this study since the description of the sample is imperative for the interpretation of more sophisticated analyses such as regression and structural equation modeling [139]. Thus, adding descriptive statistics enhances the richness of the research and enhances understanding of the data, which, in turn, helps in making more profound and realistic conclusions.

4.1.1. Reliability Analysis

The internal consistency of the items in the survey was tested through the reliability analysis. To establish the reliability of all the constructs, as shown from

Table 4. Reliability Analysis.

Construct	Cronbach’s Alpha
Attitude	0.85
Behavioral Intention	0.87
Subjective Norms	0.82
Perceived Behavioral Control	0.84
Environmental Knowledge	0.88

below Cronbach’s alpha technique was employed.

4.1.2. Multiple Regression Analysis

In addition, multiple regression analysis was performed and summarized in

Table 5. Multiple Regression Analysis.

Predictor	Beta	t-Value	p-Value
Attitude	0.30	4.25	<0.01
Subjective Norms	0.25	3.80	<0.01
Perceived Behavioral Control	0.28	4.00	<0.01
Environmental Knowledge	0.32	4.50	<0.01

to test the set hypotheses, which tested the main effects of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and environmental knowledge on the dependent variable, which was the behavioral intention.

4.2. Model Summary

• R-squared: 0.42;
• Adjusted R-squared: 0.40;
• F-statistic: 16.35;
• Prob (F-statistic): <0.01.

4.3. Interpretation of Hypothesis Tested

Hypotheses serve as the basis for any empirical analysis. They are the research propositions that are derived from theory and previous research findings. The research provided useful insights into the intricate interplay among visitors’ attitudes, beliefs, and environmental consciousness, which subsequently influenced their intentions and behaviors, as explained through the set and tested hypotheses below (Figure 2).

• H1: Attitude → Behavioral Intention

The regression analysis that was conducted using the SPSS program indicated that attitude had a significant effect on the behavioral intention of the consumers (t = 4.25, p < 0.01; β = 0.30). Likewise, this hypothesis was backed up by the SEM analysis where the coefficients β = 0.120 and t = 1.841, and a p-value of 0.066 also confirmed that there was a positive connection between attitude and behavioral intention. The path coefficients for behavioral intention in the SEM model were as follows. The R-squared values of the endogenous variables in the SEM model were 0.544 of the behavior intention, which was predicted to mean 54.4% variability of the model, which was quite considerable. The above findings align with the results obtained from the attitudinal factor analysis and argue for the centrality of attitude in influencing the guests’ decisions to go green. This finding is supported by other recent studies, which stress that subjects’ positive attitudes toward PEB directly influence their increased intentions of performing such behaviors [103].

• H2: Normative Beliefs → Subjective Norms

Both SPSS and SEM analyses supported this hypothesis, confirming the impact of normative beliefs on subjective norms (SPSS: The correlation between the lifetime and the speed: β = 0.270, t = 3.563, p < 0. 001; SEM: β = 0.270, t = 3.563, p < 0.001). The R-squared value for the subjective norm was 0. 0.073, and based on this, it can be concluded that the model enjoyed only moderate predictive capability. This result supported the TPB, which confirmed that social factors play a big role in subjective norms [140]. The perceived norm reaffirmed that the guests’ beliefs on social prescription were fundamental to the construct of subjective norms.

• H3: Control Beliefs → Perceived Behavioral Control

Supported in both SPSS and SEM analyses, this hypothesis indicated that control beliefs significantly influenced perceived behavioral control (PBC) (SPSS: In evaluating this study, the results showed a high level of statistical significance with a value of β = 0.783, t = 27.88, p < 0.001 for both SEM question and EMU statement (SEM: β = 0.783, t = 27.88, p < 0.001). The R-squared value for PBC was 0.614, indicating that 61.4% of the variance in PBC could be explained by control beliefs and other predictors. In the present SEM analysis, the high path coefficient indicates that if the guests perceived that they had all the resources and opportunities to become engaged in PEB, then they perceived high control. This result supports the theory formulated by [131] and implies that hotels should strengthen people’s control beliefs within the scope of available resources and opportunities.

• H4: Environmental Concern → Attitude

Both analyses supported this hypothesis, indicating that higher environmental concern leads to positive attitudes (SPSS: As for key local factors, the model of social media advertising and promotion targets ‘Consideration of key local factors’ was confirmed to have significant effects on ‘Number of participants’ in particular (self, β = 0.299, t = 6.190, p < 0.001; SEM: β = 0.299, t = 6.190, p < 0.001). With regard to attitude, the R-squared value in this regard was 0. Likewise, R squared equals a value of 643, which remains a very large value, suggesting an impressive ability of the regression model to explain the variation in the data. This conforms with other studies made in the recent past, which established that concern for the environment enhances pro-environmental attitudes [140]. Large and significant path coefficients indicated in both models point out the need to enhance environmental concerns among the guests.

• H5: Environmental Commitment → Attitude

This hypothesis was not supported in either SPSS or SEM analyses; the findings indicate that there is a weak or no correlation between environmental commitment and attitudes alone (Self and Parent) (Self: β =−0.155, t = 2.544, p = 0.011; Parent: β = −0.155, t = 2.544, p = 0.011), which implied that environmental commitment might not have any great impacts. The negative beta value suggests that the extent of commitment to the environment might slightly decrease positive attitudes as conceived. This view differs from some contributions to the literature that speculate commitment and attitude to be directly related, which calls for more research [91]. They imply that commitment may not be enough to change the attitude toward PEB if there are no contextual supports.

• H6: Environmental Consciousness → Attitude

As strongly evidenced by both the SPSS and the SEM analyses, this hypothesis revealed that increased environmental consciousness led to a positive attitude toward PEB. Thus, using the results of the SPSS analysis, it can be stated that environmental consciousness impacted attitudes (β = 0.151, t = 2. On the same line, the SEM analysis provided the same results with sheer values (β = 0.151, t = 2.001, p = 0.045). Both ‘positive’ and ‘quantile’ regression, two rather diverse analytical techniques, yielded the same result, which speaks to the study’s validity. Environmental sensitivity, on the other hand, is defined as a person’s perception and concern toward the environment, as well as his/her ability and readiness to undertake behavior that positively impacts the environment [140]. This construct involves a set of cognitions and effects related to the environment, which include knowledge of environmental issues, awareness of the consequences of these issues, and a personally experienced obligation to minimize these issues.

The significance of environmental consciousness on the attitudes toward PEB indicates that people with a higher level of environmental concern were likely to enhance favorable attitudes toward practicing PEB. This finding is consistent with the established scholars’ works that have labeled environmental consciousness as one of the core drivers of pro-environmental orientation and behavior changes [81,104]. For example [117] established that environmental concern, environmental knowledge, and awareness were the strongest predictors referring to environmental attitudes and intentions. The growing concern and awareness of the environment also contribute to enhancing the perception toward PEB since the hotel guests’ awareness affects the inclination toward the protective and sustainable practices publicized by the hotels [99]. There are several ways of increasing environmental concern among hotel guests that include information campaigns, orientation information with the help of signs, posters, and other forms of information, as well as experimentation with the invitation of theatrical and other groups with stops along the PEB line emphasizing the protection of the environment [94]. Having guests participate in awareness and other similar programs with sustainability themes, such as eco-workshops and sustainability tours, also increases their consciousness of environmental issues and makes them relate more to sustainably friendly practices.

• H7: Environmental Knowledge → Attitude

Environmental knowledge positively influences attitudes. As discussed by [141] those with greater knowledge tend to have more positive attitudes. The strong relationship between environmental knowledge and attitude was consistent with findings in the environmental psychology literature [104,141,142], suggesting that greater knowledge about environmental issues can lead to more positive attitudes. Supported by both SPSS and SEM analyses, this hypothesis showed that environmental knowledge significantly enhanced positive attitudes (SPSS: All analyses for the first hypothesis yielded significant results: self-esteem (β = 0.182, t = 2.631, p = 0.009; SEM: β = 0.182, t = 2.631, p = 0.009). This relationship also strengthens the need for more programs in education to enhance the degree of understanding of the hotel guests on environmental issues. A closer look at the two models also confirmed that the level of knowledge that the guests have significantly influenced the extent to which their attitude toward PEB becomes positive.

• H8: Environmental Knowledge → Behavioral Intention

Both analyses supported this hypothesis, indicating that environmental knowledge positively influenced behavioral intentions (SPSS: The results of the analysis for body weight were as follows: for the comparison between the experimental group and the basic group β = 0.137, t = 2.715, p= 0.007; SEM: β = 0.137, t = 2.715, p = 0.007). This precisely indicated the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable of behavioral intention for the current study, and the R-square value obtained was 0. They consisted of institute 267, personnel 159, material 105, knowledge 544, and others 169. Such a finding corresponds to what other studies have established, showing that PEB was strongly practiced by informed people [143]. The large distances of the path coefficients indicated that knowledge had the most impactful effect on intentions.

• H9: Attitude → Behavioral Intention

The ninth hypothesis (H₉) hypothesized the positive impact of ATT on BI. The results suggest a statistically positive impact with a beta coefficient, β = 0.120, which is statistically significant at α value > 10 percent (1.64) and p-value < 0.10 (t-stat = 1.841; p-value = 0.066; CI = 0.003-0.249), resulting that our hypothesis is supported. It implies that a unit increase in ATT leads to a change of 0.120 units in BI. This study’s substantial positive correlation between an ATT and BI is consistent with other studies in the same field. For instance, Ref. [81] highlighted the importance of ATT in determining BI when discussing the Theory of Planned Behaviour.

• H10: Environmental Knowledge → Perceived Behavioral Control

Supported by both analyses, this hypothesis showed that knowledge enhanced PBC (SPSS: Another measure of extensiveness and integrated composition for the SHR group was revealed to be significantly different; t = 3.454, p = 0.001; Semantic mean: β = 0.188, t = 3.454, p = 0.001). In this regard, the present study showed that knowledge enabled guests to embrace their capability of undertaking sustainable behaviors [81]. Again, high path coefficients in the two models indicate that hotels need to give guests the required information and support.

• H11: Behavioral Intention → Perceived Behavioral Control

Strongly supported by both SPSS and SEM analyses, this hypothesis indicated the significant influence of PBC on behavioral intentions (SPSS: The results were highly significant, where the SEM model revealed a higher value for β = 0.654, t = 10.323, p < 0. 001). The R-squared value for the behavioral intention was 0.544, which was quite high, indicating a fair bit of explained variance. The high index values of the path coefficient in the two models confirm that there is a direct positive influence of increasing the guests’ perceived behavioral control on their intentions to practice PEB [141]. It also means that customers are eagerly looking forward to obtaining better sustainable offers from hotels that are convenient and easily accessible.

• H12: Subjective Norms → Behavioral Intention

This hypothesis was not supported by either analysis, suggesting that subjective norms might not significantly influence behavioral intentions in this context (SPSS: β = −0.150, t = 2.683, p = 0.007; SEM: β = −0.150, t = 2.683, p = 0. 007). This negativity observed for beta value has shown that subjective norms have, perhaps, a negligible or even negative effect on behavioral intention. This finding corresponds with some of the recent works that have expressed doubts about the robustness of the influence of subjective norms on intentions in some settings [144]. It implies that there could be other determinants that could contribute more to intentions than attitudes and PBC, in this case.

• H13: Behavioral Intention → Actual Behavior

Both SPSS and SEM analyses confirmed that behavioral intention significantly predicted actual behavior (SPSS: The result showed that the possibility of participants’ quotes containing positive appraisal of social support increased significantly (Original study: β = 0.551, t = 9.613, p < 0.001; SEM: β = 0.551, t = 9.613, p < 0.001)). The R-squared value for actual behavior was 0.304, meaning that 30.4% of the variance in actual behavior could be explained by behavioral intention. This work aligns with the Theory of Planned Behavior because intention consistently proves to be a clear determinant of behavior, particularly in recent studies on pro-environmental behaviors in tourism, where it was noted that intentions indeed stood as determinants of perceived behavior [105]. This relationship is also supported by the high path coefficient from the SEM analysis carried out.

This particular work presents a comprehensive defense, and rationalization of the evolutionary process of hypotheses inside a study focused on analyzing sustainable visitor behavior in the hotel sector. The modified assumptions are rigorously defended by the application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, which provides valuable insights into the intricate relationships discovered in this study, whether they were accepted or rejected hypotheses.

Hypothesis Summary

The formulation of hypotheses is considered as part of the essential requirements in every research enterprise. To examine sustainable guest behavior, the primary hypotheses for this research were formulated after analyzing an extensive search of the literature and have been reported in

Table 6. Structural Equation Model.

Hypothesis		β-Value	t-Value	p-Values	CI (LL)	CI(UL)	Results
H1	BB → ATT	0.484	8.847	0.000	0.374	0.581	Supported
H2	NB → SN	0.270	3.563	0.000	0.145	0.415	Supported
H3	CB→ PBC	0.783	27.88	0.011	0.722	0.834	Supported
H4	EC → ATT	0.299	6.190	0.000	0.201	0.394	Supported
H5	ECmt → ATT	−0.15	2.544	0.000	−0.259	−0.015	Not supported
H6	ECon → ATT	0.151	2.001	0.009	0.012	0.303	Supported
H7	EK → ATT	0.182	2631	0.000	0.045	0.317	Supported
H8	EK → BI	0.137	2.715	0.000	0.034	0.234	Supported
H9	ATT → B1	0.120	1.841	0.066	0.003	0.249	Supported
H10	EK → PBC	0.188	0.188	0.055	3.442	0.001	Supported
H11	PBC → BI	0.654	10.323	0.000	0.518	0.766	Supported
H12	SN → BI	−0.15	2.683	0.007	−0.250	−0.041	Not supported
H13	BI → AB	0.551	9.613	0.000	0.441	0.665	Supported

below. Next, SEM was conducted to obtain an insight into structures and data-driven relations, and adjustments were made to enhance the correspondence of the connections.

Accepted Hypotheses with Positive Relationships

Hypothesis 1:

There is a positive relationship between Behavioral Beliefs and Attitude (H1). According to the analysis, it was observed that there was a significant positive relationship between the sum of the construct Behavioral Beliefs and the construct Attitude, where factor loading was β = 0.484, t = 4.847, p < 0.01. That is, P1 suggests that individuals’ perceptions of the outcomes of their acts affect their stand regarding the said behavior. This concurs with the TPB and the works by [145,146];

Hypothesis 2:

There is a positive relationship between Normative Beliefs and Subjective Norms (H2). Normative Beliefs significantly influence Subjective Norms (β = 0.270, p < 0.01). This gives an indication that norms can affect how much one feels they can regulate their conduct as proposed by [40,147];

Hypothesis 3:

There is a positive relationship between Control Beliefs and Perceived Behavioral Control (H3). Hypotheses 1 and 3 were supported, indicating that Control Beliefs had a direct significant influence on Perceived Behavioral Control β = 0.783 (3.262); p < 0.01. This means that the perception of control may affect the attitudes as supported by [148,149];

Hypothesis 4:

There is a positive relationship between Environmental Concern and Attitude (H4). Environmental Concern significantly influences Attitude (β = 0.299; p < 0.01). This actually holds a potential flow to the fact that concern for the environment can really influence the attitude of individuals in a manner that conforms with the previous studies conducted by [150,151];

Hypothesis 6:

There is a positive relationship between Environmental Consciousness and Attitude (H6). Environmental Consciousness was found to have a statistically significant positive impact on Attitude (β = 0.151, p < 0.05). This suggests that increased awareness of environmental conditions might trigger favorable predispositions toward sustainability based on the works by [152,153];

Hypothesis 7:

There is a positive relationship between Environmental Knowledge and Attitude (H7). Environmental Knowledge significantly influences Attitude (β = 0.182, p < 0.01). Based on the views of [91,144], this implies that increased awareness of environmental depletion can help foster the level of environmentally friendly attitudes;

Hypothesis 8:

There is a positive relationship between Environmental Knowledge and Behavioral Intention (H8). Environmental Knowledge was found to have a statistically significant positive impact on Behavioral Intention (β = 0.137, p < 0.01). This implies that the level of knowledge about environmental issues can bias intentions following the reasoning of the works of authors [66,153];

Hypothesis 9:

There is a positive relationship between Attitude and Behavioral Intention (H9). Implication of the SEM analysis revealed Attitude to have a clear positive impact on Behavioral Intention (β = 0.120, p < 0.10). This implies that adopting a positive attitude toward environmental protection helps to develop a stronger conviction on the intention of engaging in pro-environmental practices. This finding is consistent with the TPB [28] and is available in the literature, including the findings of the works by [81,154];

Hypothesis 11:

There is a positive relationship between Perceived Behavioral Control and Behavioral Intention (H11). Perceived Behavioral Control significantly influences Behavioral Intention (β = 0.654, p < 0.01). This confirms what researchers [28,155] assert that perceived control is one of the key determinants of behavioral intention;

Hypothesis 13:

There is a positive relationship between Behavioral Intention and Actual Behavior (H13). Behavioral Intention significantly predicts Actual Behavior (β = 0.551, p < 0.01). This enlightens the fact that, in reality, intentions play a significant role in people’s behavior, as confirmed by works by [40,156].

Rejected Hypotheses

Hypothesis 5:

There is a positive relationship between Environmental Commitment and Attitude (H₅). This hypothesis was not supported (β = −0.155; p < 0.05). The results strike the prior studies, as, for example, described by the work by [157], who noted that environmental commitment enhanced the favorable view. This means that the environmental commitment may not always enhance the attitudes, maybe due to the set mentalities among the tourists;

Hypothesis 12:

There is a positive relationship between Subjective Norms and Behavioral Intention (H₁₂). This hypothesis was not supported, whereby the standardized coefficient was −0. 150, while the p-value was less than 0. Subjective Norms did not show a significant correlation with Behavioral Intention, and therefore, the influence of Social Factors does not seem to directly impact the individual. This discovery is contrary to the findings of [28,158], who discuss that a differentiated view of social pressure is required;

Hypothesis 10:

There is a positive relationship between Environmental Knowledge and Perceived Behavioral Control (H10). While Environmental Knowledge was hypothesized to positively influence Perceived Behavioral Control, the relationship was statistically significant but minimal (β = 0.188; p < 0.10). This means that the awareness of environmental problems may not significantly promote people’s self-efficacy with regard to involvement in sustainable activities, as opposed to what has been discussed in the study by [152].

Evolution of Hypotheses

Hypothesis 8:

Positive Relationship between Environmental Knowledge and Behavioral Intention. Looking at the eight hypotheses, which were derived from the literature review, it was not significant in SEM analysis, which necessitated a reconsideration [159].

Hypothesis 9:

Positive Relationship between Attitude and Behavioral Intention. The ninth hypothesis, deemed in accordance with the TPB, was supported by SEM, which determined the crucial role of attitude in the formation of corresponding intentions [28,68].

This paper hypothesized several hypotheses derived from the extended TPB model to ascertain the factors that could determine the PEB of hotel guests. In the case of this study, the results suggested that attitude had powerful testing that led to a conjecture that a positive attitude toward PEB would enhance the behavioral intention to participate in such behaviors. It was established that behavioral beliefs influenced attitudes, and this correlates with the TPB model, which states that positive behavioral beliefs are key to fostering pro-environmental attitudes. Normative beliefs have a strong impact on perceived norms, thus suggesting that social influences exert considerable influence on these norms. The results also revealed that control beliefs had a significant relationship with perceived behavioral control (PBC), meaning that when the guests hold the resources and opportunities, they are likely to have control to engage in PEB. This study also revealed that environmental commitment did not affect attitudes, implying that commitment, although crucial, was not sufficient to positively influence attitudes toward PEB activities without the right context. Nonetheless, it was established that both environmental concern and environmental consciousness positively influenced the attitudes under analysis and pointed to the need for creating these qualities among the hotel guests. They further established that environmental knowledge positively impacted personal attitudes and also had a positive effect on behavioral intentions and PBC. The results elaborate on the importance of environmental knowledge to develop positive attitudes and intentions toward PEB.

5. Conclusions

This study explored the various factors that affected the PEB of hotel guests within Mauritius Island. This study used the extended TPB model of research and analyzed the role of attitudes, perceived norms, perceived control, and environmental knowledge as the factors influencing pro-environmental behavior. This work has provided relevant insights that the hotel business might refer to. These contributions may aid in the implementation of sound environmental and long-term conservation strategies. Understanding individual guests and obtaining an understanding of the overall ecological footprint of a hotel establishment is crucial. The contributions of guests’ behaviors are common factors that have been studied by several authors who have shown relevance toward achieving reduced ecological footprints [158,160].

The intricate interactions between various elements that impact sustainable visitor behavior in hotels are further distinguished by this investigation. The prevailing theories emphasize how important attitude, beliefs, knowledge, and environmental consciousness are in forming good intentions and deeds. These results highlight the necessity of encouraging good attitudes, raising environmental consciousness, and encouraging visitors to have a greater grasp of sustainability, all of which are extremely important for the hotel sector. The theories that were rejected provided insight into situations in which the direct effects of some elements—like information, control, and social norms—might not have the predicted influence. This emphasizes how complex guest conduct is and implies that caution not to generalize needs to be taken into account, given the complex interactions within varied factors.

The work’s accepted hypotheses highlight the critical role that many important variables play in influencing hotel guests’ good intentions and behaviors. Sustainable visitor behavior was found to be significantly influenced by attitudes and ideas, particularly those about behavioral beliefs and environmental consciousness [28]. These results are consistent with an earlier study [161], which highlights the necessity for hotels to support and nurture these positive attitudes and beliefs in their visitors. Additionally, this study confirms the results of earlier research by highlighting the importance of knowledge acquisition in encouraging sustainable practices [162,163]. Therefore, hotels must take part in educational programs that encourage visitors to have a deeper awareness of sustainability [164]. The approved theories highlight the critical roles that knowledge (b-value: 0.262; p < 0.001), attitudes (b-value: 0.267; p < 0.001), beliefs (b-value: 0.293; p = 0.004), and environmental consciousness (b-value: 0.234; p < 0.001) play in forming intentions and deeds that are constructive [28,91,94,165]. These results highlight the necessity of encouraging good attitudes, raising environmental consciousness, and encouraging visitors to have a greater grasp of sustainability, all of which are extremely important for the hotel sector.

The disproved theories illuminated domains in which the direct influence of certain elements, such as control, information, and social norms, might not be as substantial as anticipated [28,159]. This emphasizes how complex guest conduct is and implies that treatments need to take into account the complex interactions with many factors. On the other hand, the theories that were rejected reveal particular domains in which the direct influence of particular elements might not be as noteworthy as anticipated. For example, it was discovered that the impact of social norms and control beliefs on sustainable visitor behavior was not as great as first thought. This emphasizes how many factors interact in complex ways and how guests’ conduct is multifaceted, reflecting the intricacy shown in earlier research [166]. Hotel management must understand that initiatives meant to encourage sustainable behavior must take into account this complex context and comprehensively address different drivers.

In summary, this research provides valuable insights that will help shape sustainable tourism and hotel management practices in the years to come, particularly in SIDS. The integration of Touristic Ecological Footprint Analysis and pro-environmental behavior analysis signifies an innovative advancement in sustainable tourism research, providing a sophisticated and all-encompassing method for comprehending the complex interplay between tourist conduct and environmental consequences. Historically, these two fields have been examined independently. Ecological footprint assessments concentrate on measuring resource usage and emissions linked to tourism activities, while studies on pro-environmental behavior explore the psychological and social elements that impact tourists’ sustainable actions. By integrating these data, researchers can gain a comprehensive viewpoint and discover subtle connections and interdependencies between environmental influence and behavioral patterns. An integrated approach, as advocated by [167], is in line with the demand for interdisciplinary research in sustainable tourism. This method enables a more detailed comprehension of the intricate connections between tourists and the environment.

This novel methodology has the capacity to make a substantial contribution to the scholarly realm by enhancing our comprehension of the efficacy of sustainability endeavors in the tourism industry. Researchers can identify crucial intervention sites and develop focused methods to improve sustainable tourism practices by connecting ecological footprints with pro-environmental behaviors. Moreover, using behavioral analysis might provide insights for creating enhanced educational and awareness initiatives that aim to promote environmentally responsible conduct among tourists. This comprehensive viewpoint is in accordance with the ideals of sustainable development and adds to the expanding knowledge base that aims to harmonize the economic advantages of tourism with ecological conservation and community welfare [168,169]. The integration of several disciplines in this comprehensive research can provide valuable guidance to policymakers, destination managers, and scholars in making well-informed decisions to promote sustainable tourism practices. This study has conducted a comprehensive examination of the link that has been previously established in the existing literature. Consequently, the focus of this investigation was on analyzing the Behavioral Intention of hotel visitors and their corresponding Actual Behavior.

The process of analyzing pro-environmental behavior in selected hotels encountered various possible restrictions that could have undermined the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the assessment. The presence of inconsistencies and subjectivity in the reporting conducted among the hotel guests were carefully dealt with and addressed, as this could have generated biases that could have potentially affected the trustworthiness of the data. The complex structure of hotel operations presented difficulties in fully capturing the pro-environmental behaviors of guests’ experiences for the varied services and activities, and the lack of transparency in accessing comprehensive operational data further impeded the depth of this research. Moreover, including guests in pro-environmental actions, such as conserving electricity and water or responsibly disposing of waste, often reveals distinct difficulties. Guest behaviors are frequently shaped by individual patterns, and there is a restricted ability to regulate their actions. To overcome these constraints, it was necessary to develop reliable data collection methods, as explained before, in order to improve accuracy. Through the face-to-face and individual sessions, the completion of the questionnaire among guests was time-consuming, but the open and clear communication established with guests with the help of hotel management and staff motivated their active engagement.

Accordingly, the results of this study demonstrate a significant correlation between behavioral intention and actual behavior, hence emphasizing the importance of guests’ intentions. Hotels should possess a comprehensive understanding of environmental practices that may be implemented and marketed to visitors, encompassing areas such as food and beverage services, guest rooms, and common areas. Policies and advertisements can be made with an interest in targeting the guests’ value systems regarding environmental conservation [82]. Informative cues, such as informing guests about the effects of their actions on the environment and the consequential outcome of practicing sustainable measures, can change their attitudes and turn into a behavioral change [94]. It was observed that hotels frequently prioritize their efforts to comprehend consumer PEB by evaluating the effectiveness of towel/linen reuse schemes within certain hotel establishments.

Hotels have the potential to foster sustainable behaviors by cultivating positive intents among their guests, thereby enabling the measurement of many sustainability practices. Hotels need to support activities that increase the overall level of PEB by promoting societal practices among its people. This can be realized through posting and sharing informative pictures and videos of guests and staff members, practicing the use of sustainable products and common energy-efficient practices, and offering incentives for guests willing to undertake PEB.

According to [158], the modification of these behaviors presents challenges, often influenced by a multitude of external and internal factors. Several scholars have researched the correlation between pro-environmental behavior (PEB) and life happiness or overall guest satisfaction. Additionally, it has been suggested that pro-environmental preferences could potentially impact decision-making processes [170,171]. Hotel management in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) should acknowledge and comprehend the ever-changing and varied behaviors exhibited by their visitors. By doing so, they may utilize this knowledge to develop sustainability programs that are more focused and efficient. Furthermore, this study highlights the significance of adopting a comprehensive perspective on sustainability that encompasses the entirety of the guest’s encounter with a hotel, spanning from the check-in process to the check-out, encompassing the utilization of various hotel amenities and services. The correlation between pro-environmental behavior (PEB) and satisfaction has been extensively explored by various scholars.

It has been suggested that pro-environmental preferences could potentially impact decision-making processes [169,172]. Suppose there exists a negative correlation between an individual’s level of life pleasure and their inclination to adopt acts aimed at mitigating environmental repercussions. In that case, it is plausible that people would be more inclined to uphold the current state of affairs. As for the recommendations that may influence PEB, hotels should arrange the activity in a way that is convenient and comfortable for guests. This entails placing recycle bins and providing reusable items such as water bottles, shopping bags, and room energy-saving devices. Increasing guests’ perceived behavioral control over their likelihood of performing PEB results will increase behavioral intentions [65].

The acknowledgment of the influence of visitor consumption patterns on a hotel’s ecological footprint provides hotels with a chance to proactively shape and direct these behaviors toward more sustainable options. The level of environmental commitment may be raised with guest involvement in sustainability initiatives. Some of the ways include voluntary work with environmental activities within the hotels’ locality, hosting environmentally friendly events, and encouraging guests to be involved in environmental activities. Thus, such initiatives can enhance guests’ sustainable intentions for environmental conservation and their attitudes toward PEB. Higher awareness helps the public to advocate for sustainable practices within the tourism sector.

Hotels can facilitate guests to become more environmentally sensitive and concerned by offering information on environmental issues within the hotels’ location and making guests realize the effects incurred by sustainable practices in countering these issues. This can be achieved by creating and sharing relevant awareness, collaborating with local environmental non-profit organizations, and integrating information related to sustainability in the hotels’ media [123]. This practice not only adheres to the principles of sustainable tourism but also aids in the long-term environmental and economic viability of hotels in small island nations. In this regard, by following up on the above and considering future research directions, the hotel industry and the policymakers can enhance the encouragement of PEB among the hotel guests, thereby enhancing the sustainable nature of tourism and the protection of the environment in Mauritius Island and the rest of the world.

Though, in conclusion, this study provides valuable insights, it is essential to recognize the limitations and challenges met as they may affect the generalizability and depth of the findings. These limitations highlight areas for future research and underscore the need for a multifaceted approach to understanding footprint assessment and analysis in the hotel and tourism sector, as well as understanding the relevance and contributions of sustainable guest behavior in the hotel industry. Future works can be conducted along the lines of the following opportunities, such as Mediating Factors. Future research can explore Understanding the mechanisms at play can provide a more comprehensive view of guest behavior. This study can also be extended to include the contributions of hotel employees toward reducing the overall Hotel EF and assessing their contributions toward promoting more sustainable behaviors of their guests. Additionally, longitudinal studies can provide insights into the dynamic nature of guest behavior and the factors that influence changes in intentions and actions over time. Other considerations may also lead to future comparative studies across different cultural contexts that can reveal how cultural factors shape guest behavior and attitudes toward sustainability in hotels.

Future consideration may also look at addressing a combination of quantitative analysis with qualitative insights, thus providing a more holistic understanding of guest behavior and allowing researchers to delve deeper into the underlying motivations and barriers. In conclusion, this study advances an understanding of sustainable guest behavior in the hotel sector. The findings offer practical implications for hotels seeking to promote sustainability and pave the way for further research into this dynamic and evolving field.