Effects of Nearby Construction Work on the Behavior of Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects and Housing
2.2. Behavior Data Collection
- Pre-construction: 40 days of data collected prior to the start of construction (14 September 2017 to 28 November 2017).
- During construction: 40 days of data collected while construction work was ongoing (30 November 2017 to 1 March 2018).
- Post-construction: 40 days of data collected a year after the pre-construction data (13 September 2018 to 12 December 2018).
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Natural Active Behaviors
3.2. Pacing
3.3. Resting
3.4. Visibility
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Behavioral Category | Behavior | Description |
---|---|---|
Natural active | Alert | Highly responsive to stimuli. Looking around or focused in a specific direction. |
Natural active | Digging | Using paws to displace substrate. |
Natural active | Feeding | Ingestion of food item or liquid. |
Natural active | Excretion | Elimination of urine and feces from body. |
Natural active | Grooming | Self-maintenance, including rolling, stretching, licking, scratching, and biting of own body. |
Natural active | Licking | Rubbing tongue against object. |
Natural active | Locomotion | Walking or running from one place to another. Does not include pacing. |
Natural active | Rubbing | Pressing and moving body against an object. |
Natural active | Scent marking | Depositing an odorous substance on an object. |
Natural active | Scratching | Using claws to scratch an object. |
Natural active | Sniffing | Brief inhalation of object, ground, or air during olfactory investigation. |
Natural active | Social interaction | Any form of interaction with a conspecific. Includes aggression, rubbing heads, courtship, mating, grooming, submissive behavior, etc. |
Natural active | Vocalization | Opening mouth and producing sound. May occur while solitary, at a conspecific, or at human(s). |
Natural active | Yawning | Opening mouth in a yawn. |
Pacing | Pacing | Walking back and forth in a repetitive, unvarying, sustained pattern. The same complete pattern must be travelled at least three times. |
Rest | Resting | Lying down, body motionless, note if eyes open or closed. |
Out of sight | Out of sight | The subject is not visible to the observer. |
Behavior | Lion | Pre-Construction to During Construction | During Construction to Post-Construction | Pre-Construction to Post-Construction | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE | Median | IQR | Mean | SE | Median | IQR | Mean | SE | Median | IQR | ||
Natural active | Male | 16.59 | 2.42 | 12.70 | 15.30 | 14.01 | 2.22 | 10.40 | 19.79 | 17.78 | 2.52 | 12.50 | 22.90 |
Female 1 | 12.70 | 2.16 | 10.63 | 11.88 | 23.45 | 4.45 | 13.33 | 38.54 | 20.96 | 2.67 | 19.10 | 29.12 | |
Female 2 | 12.73 | 2.10 | 10.40 | 12.70 | 25.93 | 4.65 | 11.66 | 42.91 | 18.69 | 2.67 | 14.89 | 21.64 | |
Pacing | Male | 3.93 | 1.73 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 18.39 | 4.32 | 0.00 | 31.87 | 5.90 | 2.02 | 0.00 | 1.40 |
Female 1 | 4.70 | 2.77 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.38 | 1.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Female 2 | 6.52 | 2.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10.89 | 3.98 | 0.00 | 1.67 | 4.33 | 2.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Rest | Male | 55.52 | 5.09 | 58.12 | 51.87 | 29.84 | 5.50 | 16.10 | 46.00 | 60.50 | 4.93 | 71.25 | 43.62 |
Female 1 | 55.59 | 5.45 | 57.50 | 58.64 | 43.66 | 5.82 | 41.25 | 78.75 | 63.70 | 4.57 | 64.64 | 47.87 | |
Female 2 | 54.49 | 5.43 | 53.95 | 62.39 | 28.95 | 5.34 | 14.17 | 47.91 | 51.92 | 5.33 | 49.17 | 59.04 | |
Out of sight | Male | 23.96 | 5.10 | 6.88 | 39.38 | 37.76 | 6.73 | 17.50 | 93.50 | 15.83 | 4.32 | 4.16 | 17.90 |
Female 1 | 27.01 | 5.10 | 9.16 | 47.81 | 32.60 | 6.40 | 11.29 | 76.46 | 12.97 | 3.06 | 6.67 | 15.37 | |
Female 2 | 26.26 | 5.30 | 10.00 | 36.77 | 34.24 | 6.15 | 10.83 | 56.00 | 25.07 | 4.65 | 18.33 | 33.12 |
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Williams, L.J.; Finch, K.; Agnew, R.; Holmes, L. Effects of Nearby Construction Work on the Behavior of Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica). J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2021, 2, 66-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2010005
Williams LJ, Finch K, Agnew R, Holmes L. Effects of Nearby Construction Work on the Behavior of Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica). Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens. 2021; 2(1):66-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliams, Leah J., Katherine Finch, Rose Agnew, and Lisa Holmes. 2021. "Effects of Nearby Construction Work on the Behavior of Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica)" Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2, no. 1: 66-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2010005