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Article

Changes in Analytes Related to Immunity in the Saliva of Pigs After Vaccination Against Lawsonia intracellularis

by
Andrea Martínez-Martínez
1,
Manuel Toledo
1,
Emilio Ruiz
1,
Simón García
1,
Anabel Fernández
1,
José Joaquín Cerón
2,
Rut Menjon
3,
María Teresa Tejedor
4,
Elena Goyena
5,* and
Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
2
1
Agropecuaria Casas Nuevas S.A., Ctra. de las Palas, Fuente Álamo, 30320 Murcia, Spain
2
Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
3
MSD Animal Health España, Carbajosa de la Sagrada, 37188 Salamanca, Spain
4
Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, CIBERCV, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
5
Departamento Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Immuno 2025, 5(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno5010003
Submission received: 2 October 2024 / Revised: 4 December 2024 / Accepted: 19 December 2024 / Published: 2 January 2025
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Abstract

Lawsonia intracellularis is a Gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that can infect several animal species. In pigs, the bacteria cause porcine proliferative enteropathy, or ileitis. The wide spread of the pathogen produces a large impact on pig production worldwide. Saliva is a source of biomarkers that can help to monitor changes in the immune system after vaccination. The purpose of this study was to study the changes in haptoglobin (Hp), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in saliva after vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis. In addition, productivity parameters were analysed to evaluate if vaccination and changes in salivary analytes could be associated with changes in these parameters. The pigs vaccinated against Lawsonia showed an improvement in the productive parameters and a reduction in food conversion and frequency of diseases. In addition, they showed lower values of Hp (p = 0.011), IgG (p < 0.01), and ADA (p < 0.003) in saliva during the first two months of the fattening period compared to non-vaccinated pigs. It could be concluded that in our experimental conditions, the vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis produced a significant decrease in biomarkers of the immune response in saliva compared with the non-vaccinated pigs. This would indicate a reduction in the activation of the immune system, which could be postulated to be due to the increased defence ability of the organism against pathogens. This reduced activation of the immune system can lead to better food conversion and an increase in the productive parameters of these pigs. Overall, this report opens a new window for the possible use of saliva for non-invasive evaluation of the immune system after vaccination in pigs.
Keywords: Lawsonia; saliva; vaccine; ADA; haptoglobin; IgG Lawsonia; saliva; vaccine; ADA; haptoglobin; IgG

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MDPI and ACS Style

Martínez-Martínez, A.; Toledo, M.; Ruiz, E.; García, S.; Fernández, A.; Cerón, J.J.; Menjon, R.; Tejedor, M.T.; Goyena, E.; Muñoz-Prieto, A. Changes in Analytes Related to Immunity in the Saliva of Pigs After Vaccination Against Lawsonia intracellularis. Immuno 2025, 5, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno5010003

AMA Style

Martínez-Martínez A, Toledo M, Ruiz E, García S, Fernández A, Cerón JJ, Menjon R, Tejedor MT, Goyena E, Muñoz-Prieto A. Changes in Analytes Related to Immunity in the Saliva of Pigs After Vaccination Against Lawsonia intracellularis. Immuno. 2025; 5(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno5010003

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martínez-Martínez, Andrea, Manuel Toledo, Emilio Ruiz, Simón García, Anabel Fernández, José Joaquín Cerón, Rut Menjon, María Teresa Tejedor, Elena Goyena, and Alberto Muñoz-Prieto. 2025. "Changes in Analytes Related to Immunity in the Saliva of Pigs After Vaccination Against Lawsonia intracellularis" Immuno 5, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno5010003

APA Style

Martínez-Martínez, A., Toledo, M., Ruiz, E., García, S., Fernández, A., Cerón, J. J., Menjon, R., Tejedor, M. T., Goyena, E., & Muñoz-Prieto, A. (2025). Changes in Analytes Related to Immunity in the Saliva of Pigs After Vaccination Against Lawsonia intracellularis. Immuno, 5(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno5010003

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