Anonymity, Community, and Expression: Unveiling the Dynamics of Confession Pages on Facebook

Abstract

Purpose: This study investigated the attributes of confession pages on Facebook, their role within social networks, and their impact on society. It also explored their defining traits, the need for confession pages and the effects of anonymity. Methodology: The research methodology involved coding 1280 posts extracted from select pages, and semi-structured in-depth interviews with 15 prominent followers. Findings: Anonymity was found to be important because it helps individuals avoid social repercussions. Prominent recurring themes included formal behavior, relationships, and sexuality, topics that frequently involve social sanctions and penalties. The study also underscored the sense of community fostered by interaction between writers posting on confession pages and readers of these posts. The current study suggests that confession pages reflect society-level value preferences that shape interaction on social media according to Hofstede’s framework. Moreover, different confession groups serve to satisfy different needs, aligning with the theory of uses and gratifications in communication media. Practical implications: Engagement was shown by readers who extended offers to help and provided suggestions to support authors facing different challenges. Social implications: The motivations of anonymity for contributors to communities fostered through writer–reader interactions on the platform. Value: An in-depth examination of confession within contemporary society, redefining the contemporary landscape of confession, shedding light on its various perspectives within the public internet sphere, and thus contributing to comprehension of the different needs for anonymous expression.

1. Introduction

The present study examines the attributes of confession pages on Facebook, their impact, their role within social networks, and their contribution to society. While confession has been a social phenomenon throughout history, its evolution and adaptation in modern communication systems, particularly in social media networks, manifest distinctive characteristics. Facebook has introduced a novel platform for the uploading of confessions in a digital and online format. The confession page serves as a platform where users can upload posts anonymously through an external operator, such as a website or link. This process helps maintain anonymity from group administrators. After the posts are screened and validated for authenticity, they are published on the group page (Birnholtz et al., 2015; Barari, 2015).

These pages seem to fulfill users’ needs by enabling them to freely express themselves, share experiences, entertain, and pass time, all without concerns about disclosing their identity to other group members. This format has been successful, prompting Facebook to integrate a built-in feature for anonymous sharing and commenting on its pages (Birnholtz et al., 2015; Barari, 2015). The spectrum of confession pages is broad and customized to different groups, from students and soldiers to employees and beyond (Hayman et al., 2019; Sacks et al., 2021; Krishna and Kim, 2015).

The current study focused on popular confession pages posted by young individuals on two academic pages, Technion Confessions and Ariel Confessions, and one military-context page: IDF Confessions. Few studies have specifically addressed confession pages, with existing research indicating that these platforms predominantly serve emotional and cognitive needs, confront taboo subjects, and cater to contextual requirements within specific demographics, such as students. However, comprehensive studies of the characteristics of these pages, the themes of posted content, and the user needs they satisfy remain limited.

The purpose of this study is to address these gaps by investigating the phenomenon of confession pages through a detailed analysis of posts published on these platforms, as well as semi-structured, in-depth interviews with prominent followers. This research aims to contribute to the Uses and Gratifications theoretical framework by providing new insights into how anonymity, community, and self-expression function in online settings. It also seeks to enrich the literature on online communities, social identity, and self-disclosure. The study’s findings can help advance our understanding of user behavior and the social dynamics of anonymous platforms, offering valuable theoretical and practical contributions, in accordance with Hofstede’s framework as patterned value orientations that shape typical interaction norms in organizational and mediated contexts.

Specifically, the study addresses the following research questions: (1) What fundamental needs do confession pages satisfy within the social dynamics of Facebook confession groups? (2) How does anonymity function in Facebook confession groups, and what are its significant benefits and drawbacks? These questions guide the exploration of what motivates users to engage passively and actively with these platforms, discern the elements that draw readers’ attention in the posts, and explore the characteristics of both the pages and the content posted on them.

The research methodology involved the coding of 1280 posts extracted from selected pages, together with semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 15 prominent followers. The significance of this study lies not only in its in-depth examination of confession within contemporary society but also in its practical implications for fields such as sociology, psychology, and communication studies. By shedding light on the dynamics of anonymous self-expression and community formation in digital settings, this research offers important insights into human behavior and social interaction. These findings have the potential to inform strategies for fostering healthier online communities, addressing issues related to mental health and online harassment, and understanding the impact of social media on individual well-being. Moreover, this study may have practical implications for individuals, organizations, and policymakers. It can guide the development of new technologies and platforms that promote positive online interactions and better support the needs of users. Consequently, this research seeks to offer deeper insights into the influence of technology and social media on the practice of confession, with the aim of informing future interventions and platform design.

The analytical framework focuses on core themes, post content, and the categorization of posts into diverse descriptors. This study also evaluates emerging needs that users from varying backgrounds endeavor to satisfy through their involvement, both active and passive, with confession pages. Consequently, it offers a comprehensive understanding of how technology shapes contemporary practices of confession and online community dynamics.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Confessions in Daily Life

Although confession is an important element in various religious traditions globally (Murray-Swank et al., 2007), the need for confession is not exclusive to religious contexts. The term “confession” has two distinct meanings: admitting one’s sins to God or a priest, and revealing something one feels ashamed of to others (Wangchuk, 2018). In the spiritual-religious context, confession in its first meaning is linked to repentance and a desire for absolution for a wrongdoing within the relationship between an individual and the divine (Murray-Swank et al., 2007).

Religious confessional traditions vary from one religion to another. For instance, within Jewish Halakha, the act of confession is regarded as an intimate process, solely between the individual and God (Murray-Swank et al., 2007; Rapoport-Albert, 1973). In other religions, confession is conducted in the presence of a priest or another individual (Murray-Swank et al., 2007). In Christianity, confession is considered one of the seven sacraments. Christianity emphasizes the interconnection between thoughts and verbal expression, considering words as integral to human existence. Until individuals confess their transgressions, even inwardly, they may attempt to avoid accountability (Chapel, 2001; Murray-Swank et al., 2007). However, once they acknowledge and verbalize their sin, giving it a name, neutrality becomes unsustainable, and the act of confession becomes more familiar. In situations where an individual causes harm to another, seeking forgiveness and offering an apology become essential. In cases where individual sins are involved, the priest assumes the authority to accept the individual’s apology and grant absolution as necessary (Chapel, 2001).

In its secondary sense, confession is perceived in contemporary contexts as a “truth-telling technique.” It has seamlessly integrated into our daily lives, appearing in many areas and encompassing the admission of sins, crimes, desires, or personal challenges. Confession, whether communicated privately to an individual or shared openly within a community, has become a pervasive element in modern society (Kantrowitz-Gordon, 2013).

2.2. Facebook: A Platform for Sharing and Self-Expression

Facebook has transformed over time into an essential tool through which users share and express themselves, and routinely share various facets of their daily lives. Broadly speaking, the trend in information sharing today is intended to satisfy needs such as self-expression, entertainment, and sustaining ongoing connections with friends on the platform (Cho et al., 2015; Shukla et al., 2023; Mak et al., 2024; Laor, 2021). These platforms also play a crucial role in providing marginalized communities with vital channels to express their viewpoints (Mishol-Shauli and Golan, 2019; Kircaburun et al., 2020; Laor, 2023; Navon & Noy, 2023; Zhang et al., 2023). Additionally, social media platforms seem to offer avenues for individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds to connect with a broader community that resonates with their cultural norms (Laor, 2022; Zhang et al., 2023; Laor, 2024). The act of sharing emotional content on social networks frequently provides those who share with an overall sense of satisfaction. Research suggests that this feeling is heightened in particular when individuals share positive content (Bazarova et al., 2015). Moreover, sharing personally relevant content, whether it is a status update or a post on someone else’s wall and regardless of its emotional tone, contributes to a sense of achievement. The mere act of sharing positive emotional content is of significant value irrespective of the responses or likes received for the shared content. To be sure, receiving likes and comments often serves to validate and lend credibility to the contributor’s emotional experience (Bazarova et al., 2015; Hatamleh et al., 2023).

2.3. Anonymity on the Internet

Anonymity on the internet is initially established by the users’ option not to disclose their identity. They can use pseudonyms and then craft their persona and develop their reputation among fellow users (Bayne et al., 2019). Anonymity creates a liberated and relaxed environment for users, freeing them from concerns about exposing their identity or personal details (Bayne et al., 2019; Asenbaum, 2023). It allows individuals to express their genuine selves without fear of judgment, unlike the situation in their offline lives (Mak et al., 2024). Group members are assessed solely on the actual content of their messages. This neutralizes societal pressures, such as physical appearance, that often lead to real-life judgments (Bayne et al., 2019). Moreover, anonymity enables users to seek information and receive responses on sensitive or taboo subjects that are usually not discussed openly face-to-face (Birnholtz et al., 2015; Vickery, 2014).

However, anonymity is also fertile ground for negative internet practices, such as, misinformation and cyberbullying; unethical behavior, verbal attacks, abuse or harassment of others (Sardá et al., 2019; Wangchuk, 2018; Morales, 2023; Zdun, 2023).

2.4. Facebook Confession Pages

Confession pages function on the principle of anonymity. Individuals submit confessions by sending posts to an external moderator (website/link) for approval by group administrators. After screening and verifying the post’s authenticity, it is published on the group page for members to respond to (Birnholtz et al., 2015; Barari, 2015). Such platforms afford users the opportunity to address their needs and express themselves both emotionally and cognitively without fear of embarrassment or concern over potential reactions to their words (Wangchuk, 2018; Rodriguez et al., 2023). Confession pages have proliferated over the years, catering to diverse user needs (Hayman et al., 2019).

Within the student community, confession pages help to fulfill various academic and social needs. They offer avenues for seeking academic guidance, inquiring about social dynamics within the academic setting, initiating open dialogues about faculty members and peers, sharing achievements and setbacks in the learning journey, and addressing feelings of isolation (Barari, 2015; Hayman et al., 2019; Sacks et al., 2021; Rodriguez et al., 2023). These platforms also serve as a space where students can freely and candidly engage in discussing taboo or stigmatized subjects (Birnholtz et al., 2015; Barari, 2015).

On employee confession pages, posts run the gamut from favorable to unfavorable expressions (Krishna & Kim, 2015). Positive sentiments often reflect employees’ admiration for their organization and employers, nostalgic feelings toward their workplace, and gratitude for support received from colleagues and peers. However, the more prevalent tendency on social media confession pages, notably on platforms like Facebook, is for employees to post expressions of discontent and bitterness about their workplace. Employees use the platform to voice frustrations about management practices, engage in candid discussions about specific individuals within the organization, and deliberate on organizational conditions and policies (Krishna & Kim, 2015).

2.5. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and Social Media

Drawing on Hofstede’s cultural-value model, we treat national culture as a patterned set of value orientations that condition typical interaction norms in organizational and mediated settings. The framework is commonly operationalized through six indices—power distance, individualism–collectivism, masculinity–femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long- versus short-term orientation, and indulgence–restraint—originally derived from cross-national survey evidence and subsequently extended as the database broadened. A core methodological guardrail concerns level of analysis: these are societal indicators, and inferring them to individuals invites an ecological fallacy. Accordingly, most empirical applications position culture as contextual background or a moderating condition rather than a person-level attribute (Hofstede, 2011; Kirkman et al., 2006). Within social-media scholarship, this lens has been used to test whether cultural values surface in page design and audience behavior. Studies of Global-500 Facebook pages point to a broadly convergent “global” footprint; yet, when page components are examined separately (About sections, textual updates, and shared media), systematic between-country contrasts appear that map onto Hofstede’s dimensions (Lo et al., 2017). At the engagement level, cross-national comparisons indicate that users in less individualist and/or higher power-distance contexts tend to share more than they comment, whereas the prevalence of “funny” and “wow” reactions rises with individualism—patterns consistent with grouping countries by cultural dimensions (Guftométros & Guerreiro, 2021). Taken together, this literature supports using Hofstede’s model as a contextual lens for social-media phenomena, while underscoring the importance of retaining its societal scope and attending to platform-specific affordances.

2.6. Uses and Gratifications

This research is guided by the Uses and Gratifications theoretical framework, which explores how consumers utilize different communication media and types of content to fulfill their psychological and social needs (Blumler & Katz, 1974; Katz et al., 1974; Ruggiero, 2000). This perspective assumes that individuals use these platforms to satisfy both personal and social needs (Ruggiero, 2000). Therefore, the particular media platforms selected and the content individuals choose to upload or respond to are largely influenced by their social roles (Katz et al., 1974).

Studies have revealed that media consumers harbor many different needs, which are satisfied by specific communication channel characteristics such as medium, content, technology, broadcasting patterns, availability, and accessibility, among others (Ruggiero, 2000). Additionally, uses and gratifications theory suggests that individuals may cognitively recognize their needs and make choices regarding communication methods and content accordingly. Consequently, individuals might consume more than what strictly aligns with their desires or directly addresses their needs (Wei, 2008).

Traditionally, communication serves five fundamental needs and uses: cognitive needs for acquiring knowledge, affective needs that strengthen emotional experiences, integrative needs fostering confidence, reliability, and stability, social needs, and the need for escapism (Blumler & Katz, 1974; Katz et al., 1974). Correspondingly, individuals are driven by various motivations to consume communication, aimed at satisfying these needs: seeking entertainment, conducting surveillance, acquiring information, deflecting attention, seeking escapism, engaging in social interaction, shaping identity, passing time, and seeking companionship.The choice of medium and content will vary based on each person’s needs and motivations (Ruggiero, 2000).

3. Research Questions

The study sought to investigate the popularity of posts within Israel’s most prominent confession groups, with the aim of gaining insights into their core themes and defining characteristics. The research employed semi-structured, in-depth interviews to address the following research questions:

• What fundamental needs do confession pages satisfy within the social dynamics of Facebook confession groups?
• How does anonymity function in Facebook confession groups, and what are its significant benefits and drawbacks?

4. Methodology

The research focuses on comprehending the attributes of confession pages, their impact, their role within social networks, and their significance in Israeli society. Employing an integrative research methodology, the initial phase involved quantitative content analysis through the coding of posts from three prominent confession pages on Facebook: ArielU Confessions, IDF Confessions, and Technion Confessions.

ArielU Confessions created on 31 January 2018, with about 22,000 followers and Technion Confessions launched on 23 December 2017, with about 40,000 followers, are anonymous confessions pages that host community content on campus life. IDF Confessions was created on 23 February 2018, and followed by about 60,000 people. The posts are about service experiences. In all three pages, members submit posts via a link or private message to the admins. Approved posts appear under the page’s name only, with no sender identification (no display names or nicknames). Engagement on published posts, likes and comments is not anonymous, so other users can see who reacted or commented.

In the subsequent phase, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with key followers of these pages. (See Appendix B). Through these interviews, structured inquiries provided a foundational structure for deeper exploration and comprehension of the subject matter.

An integrated approach was chosen to gain a greater understanding of what motivates people to engage with confession pages, both actively and passively, which elements in posts capture their attention quantitatively, and how they perceive the pages overall.

For the quantitative content analysis, we adopted a coding framework for posts sourced from three prominent confession pages on Facebook: ArielU Confessions, IDF Confessions, and Technion Confessions. The data, posted from 1 May 2022 to 1 July 2022, encompassed approximately 430 posts with the highest numbers of likes and comments from each page.

The coders reviewed all the posts published within the specified timeframe, recorded the number of likes and comments for each post, and finally, for the purpose of coding, selected the posts with the highest number of likes and comments.

In total, around 1280 posts from all three pages were meticulously analyzed. Each post was annotated with its count of likes, comments, and shares. We also categorized each post as belonging to the “military” or “academic” realm.

The posts were coded according to their theme (achievements, stress and self-perception; formal settings; ideological clashes; parity and sexuality; current events; social interactions; other), and according to characterization (activist, cynical, informative, humorous, supportive, trolling, critical, miscellaneous).

The content coding was performed by three trained coders, with each category clearly defined and illustrated during the training process. A reliability test was conducted on 10 percent of the data to ensure consistency. Categories that did not achieve at least 90% interrater reliability underwent additional training sessions until an agreement of 90% was reached.

The limitation of the quantitative approach lies in its inability to capture the subtle nuances and contextual details essential for fully understanding the tone and sentiment of the posts. To address this, the study also employed a qualitative approach, including interviews that allowed for a more nuanced understanding of the authors and readers of the posts. This qualitative component enhanced the accuracy of the quantitative findings, particularly for concepts that were not fully clear through the numerical data alone (Yoshikawa et al., 2008).

For the semi-structured in-depth interviews, fourteen influential followers were chosen from the three confession pages under study, selected in accordance with the coding criteria. All interviews were carried out via Zoom or in person, facilitating comprehensive discussions (See Appendix A).

All interviewees provided informed consent prior to the interview, agreeing to participate in the study. They were informed that their names would be omitted from the research and that their responses would be used solely for academic discussion. Additionally, it was clarified that there were no right or wrong answers, and no sanctions would be imposed if they chose not to continue with the interview or declined to answer certain questions.

5. Findings

From the descriptive findings, it is evident that the predominant theme within confession groups is behavior within formal contexts (27.5%), followed by parity and sexuality discussions (18.9%), and social interactions (15.5%). Notably, the most prevalent characterization of posts involved venting including discharge, and cynicism and entertainment (30.2% and 29.8%, respectively). Following closely were posts offering help and fostering a sense of community (20%), and criticism (10.6%) (See

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of Research Variables (Frequency Distribution).

		N	%
Field/Domain	Military	443	34.7
	Academic	835	65.3
Subject	Stress and self-image	206	16.2
	Conduct in a formal framework	350	27.5
	Clash of ideological positions	35	2.7
	Parity and Sexuality	240	18.9
	Current events	78	6.1
	Social interactions	184	14.5
	Other	180	14.1
Characterizing Posts	Activist (call to action)	38	3.0
	Cynical/Entertaining	378	29.8
	Discharge/Ventilation	404	30.2
	Help/Community	264	20
	Criticism	135	10.6
	Other	49	3.9

and the examples in Appendix C and Appendix D).

5.1. Qualitative Findings

Analyzing the interviews for qualitative insights revealed recurring motivations. The primary drivers mentioned for engaging with the confession pages were the need for a platform for sharing, cathartic release, and entertainment. This is evident in the following themes.

5.2. The Need for Sharing Experiences and Catharsis

Confession pages are unique online spaces on social platforms, where people share their thoughts and stories, and a connection develops between those who write and those who read. These platforms attract a wide range of contributors, from students to soldiers in this case, and address various but connected needs. This study looks into why confession pages have become important, revealing our basic human desire to express ourselves and confess. These platforms provide an accessible outlet for individuals to share their experiences, filling a void that existed previously.

Interviewee O (Technion confessions page) stated:

“I believe that everyone simply feels they have a place to talk and confess things—something that didn’t exist before the pages were created”.

In other words, the page addresses the inherent need for expression and confession that has always existed. However, before the confession pages were created, there was no accessible platform to fulfill this need.

Another important attribute of confession pages is their anonymity. Users submit posts via an external registration link that allows them to upload confessions without revealing identifying details. Page administrators review, filter, and then decide whether to publish the posts on the page (Birnholtz et al., 2015; Barari, 2015). These confession pages establish a stable and easily accessible platform for writers to share content across diverse domains.

The confession page is seen by some as a chance to articulate difficult experiences, as explained by A, a follower of the IDF Confessions page:

“This is your space to vent without fear of repercussions. If your officer or commander is really frustrating you, this is where you can share your feelings, and nobody will judge you or take action against you”.

B, another interviewee, underscored the importance of discussing topics that could result in societal repercussions:

“… Sometimes, you have experiences that weigh you down, and you know that if you reveal them in your unit…there could be penalties and negative reactions. However, you also know that sharing them with others will bring out some empathy and understanding. It’s a space to vent, where readers understand where you’re coming from”.

H, another interviewee, also expanded on how the pages provide a platform for venting and sharing, emphasizing the protective cloak of anonymity for the writer:

“People hesitate to vent because of reactions from people they know personally. Here, you’re not so concerned about the response. You can vent without worrying about people you know. It’s not like confiding in your mom or someone close. Venting here feels safer”.

C, a follower of Ariel Confessions, concurred:

“There’s no doubt, it’s a space for expression, for seeking advice. I reckon people share aspects of their daily lives here they probably wouldn’t discuss even in their inner circle and expect to receive feedback from the community”.

J, another interviewee, echoed similar sentiments:

“People are genuinely looking for help and come here because of the anonymity. They can speak freely and seek opinions or express their feelings…”.

In essence, from the interviews, it becomes apparent that anonymous posts satisfy the need to seek advice from beyond the immediate circles, especially about challenging topics for discussions with close acquaintances. As N said:

“Do you want advice but at the same time keep your distance from people and avoid exposure? There are things we have trouble articulating face-to-face, things that we hesitate to openly state. The confessions page provides legitimacy and an avenue to express ourselves without revealing our identity”.

R, a follower of Ariel Confessions, observes a significant transformation the pages have undergone in their focus, moving from entertainment to offering a platform for those who seek expression and guidance: “I think that it used to tend more towards humor in the past but now it’s much more about solidarity. As time passes, people feel more and more isolated, stressed, and emotionally wounded, and this platform truly addresses these concerns”.

This shift is exemplified in a story shared by L, a follower of Ariel Confessions:

“I posted about my troubled relationship with my brother; I needed an outlet to express myself. I did it knowing my identity would remain anonymous”.

Likewise, N mentions the importance of seeking advice anonymously:

“I recall a post in which someone discussed contemplating gender reassignment surgery but was afraid of being judged. They hadn’t confided in family or friends. Anonymity became their refuge”.

The overarching theme emphasizes the pivotal role of confession pages as spaces for individuals to share experiences and experience catharsis. These platforms foster a symbiotic relationship between writers and readers, fulfilling diverse yet complementary needs.

The pages serve as a contemporary and accessible avenue for individuals to articulate their thoughts, encounters and confessions, satisfying an intrinsic human desire that has persisted throughout history.

Moreover, the purpose of the pages has evolved, as noted by some interviewees, from entertainment-focused content to a more solidarity-driven theme. This transformation reflects a growing societal need for platforms that address feelings of isolation, stress, and emotional distress, and all under the cloak of anonymity.

5.3. The Need for Interaction, Responsive Engagement, and Community Support

Confession pages transcend their status as platforms for sharing personal experiences; they fulfill a fundamental human need for interaction, response, and community support. The narratives shared on them highlight the vital role these platforms play as spaces for cultivating identification, connection, and a shared community sentiment. Beyond serving as outlets for self-expression, individuals use them for validation, understanding, and engagement with a wider audience.

This is articulated by M, a follower of Ariel Confessions:

“In confession pages, individuals primarily find a sense of identification with the readers of the posts and respond with ‘Oh, that happened to me too…’—you realize you’re not alone. It becomes apparent that many others share similar feelings…”.

Likewise, another interviewee (C) noted how these pages facilitate the sharing of situations and experiences: “Seeing others with similar feelings and reading the supportive comments gives you strength…”.

Interviewee A echoed a desire for identification with readers of her confessions: “Primarily, it’s about relating to those who read the post and respond with ‘I’ve been through that too’”.

Similarly, another interviewee responded, “The person posting feels a sense of ‘I am not alone,’ because they find support from others…”. From multiple interviews, it became evident that writers feel a sense of fulfillment knowing that others have encountered similar experiences as those they’ve written about.

The consensus among most interviewees was that the confession page fosters a unique “community,”. uniting anonymous writers and responders in one space. This was articulated by T, a follower of Ariel Confessions:

“By creating communities there, when you write a post and establish your writing style, you’re essentially creating a sort of pseudonym for yourself, and you form connections, even with people you don’t even know”.

C affirms this sentiment:

“Wherever there’s a confessions page, it inherently builds a sense of community”.

A emphasizes the significance of this community, particularly in a military context:

“You engage with tens of thousands of individuals who truly understand your experiences and genuinely support you in the military. Sometimes you just don’t know who you can turn to, and sometimes this serves as the best solution”.

O, a follower of Technion Confessions, concurs and emphasizes the significance of these pages for diverse communities:

“I believe the confession pages are an integral part of a closely-knit community, and they revolve mainly around fostering a sense of community… And if other communities that are slightly different from ours also create similar confession pages, it undoubtedly creates a sense of belonging”.

It was also observed that the community actively supports and responds to various posts: “There are so many incredible students who willingly extend their help. They reach out whenever someone is looking for assistance or advice or anything. They genuinely connect and offer support. It’s truly remarkable; for any confession seeking help, at least 5–10 people offer their support”.

One of the interviewees recounted that a community formed outside the Facebook page as a direct outcome of the activity on the confession page:

“Even a Telegram group was established from the confessions… They simply said, ‘Is anyone active in the group interested in transitioning to Telegram,’ and people conversed there and had several meetups. It really gained momentum… It’s not merely the confessions page being on Telegram, No, it’s the community growing from the confessions; the active participants who wanted to hold private discussions moved to Telegram. By word of mouth, it developed”.

From the interviews, it becomes evident that the community primarily gains social approval and legitimacy through crowd wisdom, as exemplified by K:

“There’s an interest in observing others’ reactions. It’s a way to open a dialogue on the subject. It’s always intriguing to see others’ contributions”.

A follower of Technion Confessions, I, echoes this sentiment:

“There’s something about collective opinions. You post, and you get to hear various perspectives. I’ve posted about non-Technion-related topics elsewhere because I wanted opinions from others, beyond my circle of friends”.

Likewise, G notes: “Seeking validation from others is a fundamental aspect of this page. People share confessions to seek validation; they wait for responses to their posts”.

Consistently, interviewees reiterate that confession pages offer a distinct sense of identification. Writers find comfort in realizing that others have shared similar experiences, fostering a profound feeling of “I am not alone”. This sense of community extends beyond the writers to engaged responders, forming a community that transcends anonymity. This community acts as a crucial support system, providing responses ranging from empathetic understanding to practical assistance.

Moreover, the community actively responds to posts, displaying acts of kindness, genuine help, and a readiness to connect with those in need, showcasing the strength of these communities. Beyond validating individual experiences, the crowd wisdom of the community contributes to the legitimacy and social endorsement of the shared narratives.

5.4. Confession Pages as a Space for Entertainment and Relief from Boredom

Despite the transformation of the confession pages to more serious matters, the interviewees nevertheless portray confession pages primarily as platforms that provide entertainment for their followers. The pages serve as an avenue for escapism, with engaging and amusing content so crucial for relieving boredom among those seeking diversion from their daily routines.

Interviewee F highlights the potential for entertainment sharing in Ariel Confessions:

“I shared it simply because it amused me, and I believed others would enjoy it too. Eventually, a lot of people are exposed to this content, especially since the majority of university students follow this page. So, it’s something accessible to everyone, offering a source of enjoyment”.

M, also a follower of Ariel Confessions, agrees:

“Essentially, I think all of this is primarily for entertainment purposes and is not meant to be taken seriously”.

M, a follower of Technion Confessions, echoes a similar viewpoint: “I sense that people write because they are seeking likes and amusement”.

From the interviews, a spectrum of diverse needs emerges, fluctuating from a desire for entertainment to a general inclination to share views on various topics. The primary need of readers centers on amusement, interest, or simply passing time. This distinction is evident in the interviews:

A said: “In general, the posts I read are purely for entertainment. Sometimes, they’re just intriguing things that I can’t quite explain…”.

K affirms: “It’s an enjoyable form of distraction during the day, a change of pace. There’s also this intriguing sense of ‘what’s happening at the university when we’re not looking’”.

J from Technion Confessions echoes this sentiment about combatting boredom: “There isn’t any specific need behind it. It’s mainly about diversifying the feed… Primarily, it’s about killing time”.

For the contributors as well, the posts often fulfill the need for entertainment and escapism: “I shared it simply because it amused me, and I believed it could bring enjoyment to others as well. It’s clearly a platform for personal expression. But it really entertains me. There were things about the exam periods, summer semester, jokes like that, related to the library…”.

Readers perceive confession pages as sources of entertainment and outlets to alleviate boredom. Contributors often attest to posting confessions primarily for amusement, highlighting the potential of these pages to cater to shared entertainment. This sentiment resonates across various confession pages, emphasizing the lighthearted, non-serious nature of the content, geared towards earning likes and providing entertainment.

While the needs of writers range widely from seeking entertainment to broader topic sharing, the overarching need of readers, as reflected in the interviews, revolves mainly around seeking amusement, interest, or simply filling idle time.

In summary, the interviews consistently highlight the prevalent use of confession pages as escapism from boredom. Followers emphasize that the lack of a specific purpose underlying their interest stems from the desire to diversify their feed and, notably, to fill idle time.

5.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Anonymous Sharing

The confession pages have evolved to the point that individuals feel comfortable sharing their deepest thoughts and experiences anonymously. This anonymity introduces a dynamic that fosters candid expression and emotional release. The interviews with followers of confession pages revealed the perceived advantages and disadvantages of this anonymity.

The majority of interviewees touted the primarily advantageous nature of anonymity as well as a few disadvantages. As K, a follower of Technion Confessions, pointed out:

“When you post anonymously, you’re playing the odds on how people will react. It’s like a defensive barrier—if it succeeds, great; if not, there’s no harm done.”

A, a follower of IDF Confessions, views anonymity as a catalyst for courage in speaking out:

“Anonymity encourages people to express themselves. Many individuals wouldn’t share anything if not for the anonymity factor”.

Similarly, E noted that online criticism can be daunting, but confession page anonymity offers a shield:

“When the keyboard is anonymous, you have more courage to express opinions without facing immediate backlash, especially in a critical online society”.

However, the interviewees also perceive the disadvantages of anonymity on confession pages:

J, a follower of Technion Confessions, expressed concern about the platform allowing sensitive or shocking opinions to be posted without repercussions:

“Certain opinions, like someone questioning why rape is considered wrong, would really shock the readers and the feed would probably be blocked if it was shared openly on Facebook”.

J also stressed the sensitive nature of some confessions:

“Anonymous posts often contain personal and sensitive matters, like infidelity or thoughts of suicide. These are not topics you would want to be tied directly to your identity”.

Another disadvantage mentioned was the limited genuine help that could be offered to authors, as L, a follower of Ariel Confessions, pointed out:

“In cases where someone genuinely needs help, there’s no direct way to reach out to the post’s author; they have to initiate contact themselves”.

Furthermore, N and K, followers of Technion Confessions and Ariel Confessions respectively, emphasized the potential for avoiding responsibility for anonymous posts:

“It’s a form of avoidance; people express identifiable thoughts but hide behind the screen to convey messages without direct confrontation”.

To sum up, despite the drawbacks, the consensus among interview participants is that anonymity on confession pages is predominantly positive. Anonymity emerges as a driver for uninhibited expression, empowering users to discuss sensitive topics they might otherwise avoid. Drawbacks include evading responsibility and challenges to direct assistance. Overall, the sentiment is that the benefits of anonymity in confession spaces significantly outweigh the drawbacks.

6. Discussion

The current study seeks to analyze the attributes of Facebook confession pages, their role within social networks, and their impact on Israeli society.

Based on the Uses and Gratifications theory as outlined in existing research (Katz et al., 1974), confession pages are recognized as catering to many different individual needs. These include emotional relief, communal requirements such as seeking guidance or requesting assistance, and integrative needs that bolster a sense of security, like seeking validation for personal actions. These platforms also cater to entertainment and escapism needs.

It was found that venting formed the most common category of posts, followed closely by the need to entertain and, ultimately, a sense of community. These findings align with existing research indicating that users share personal information on Facebook to satisfy needs of self-expression and entertainment (Cho et al., 2015; Shukla et al., 2023; Mak et al., 2024). Interviews also reveal that the majority of individuals prefer to use confession pages for releasing pent-up emotions and for free expression, as well as for personal entertainment.

The current research indicates that the primary benefit and motivation for using confession pages is the anonymity they afford. Prior literature extensively discusses the advantages of anonymity, highlighting its role in facilitating information-seeking behaviors and obtaining answers on a wide array of topics, even those deemed taboo (Birnholtz et al., 2015; Vickery, 2014). Anonymity is also associated with enabling individuals to reveal their “true selves” and fostering the authors’ sense of control and responsiveness (Bayne et al., 2019; Ellison et al., 2016; Asenbaum, 2023). Furthermore, it provides a platform for individuals to freely express themselves without fear of judgment from others (Wangchuk, 2018; Mak et al., 2024).

The current research also suggests that anonymity offers a sense of security to the writers by safeguarding their identity and alleviating worries about potential reactions and societal consequences. For instance, our findings reveal that the most significant confession topics pertain to formal behavior and relationships/sexuality, both of which carry considerable social and practical implications and consequently, are issues individuals might hesitate to divulge or be identified with. Anonymity serves to circumvent these apprehensions.

Another drawback revealed in the present research is the challenge of establishing direct communication with individuals seeking assistance through a post. In contrast to previous research highlighting concerns about unacceptable behavior like cyberbullying and harassment within comments (Sardá et al., 2019; Wangchuk, 2018; Morales, 2023; Zdun, 2023).

Nonetheless, anonymity also entails drawbacks, notably by legitimizing controversial topics and allowing individuals to evade accountability for the posted content. This contradicts the perspective in research literature that views writing about taboo topics, which often arise in anonymous settings, as advantageous (Birnholtz et al., 2015; Vickery, 2014). While discussing sensitive or controversial subjects anonymously may enable more open expression and destigmatization, it also poses the risk of normalizing extreme views or harmful behaviors without facing social consequences. The lack of personal accountability can embolden users to express offensive, hurtful, or even dangerous opinions, leading to the spread of misinformation or the promotion of harmful ideologies. This detachment from real-world consequences can undermine the quality of discourse and contribute to a toxic online environment.

Another drawback revealed in the present research is the challenge of establishing direct communication with individuals seeking assistance through a post. When users share their problems or seek help anonymously, it becomes difficult for others, including mental health professionals or community support groups, to offer personalized follow-up support or provide the necessary resources. This limitation contrasts with non-anonymous settings, where the possibility of direct outreach and ongoing support is more feasible. Anonymity thus creates a barrier to effective intervention, making it hard to provide meaningful assistance to those in need.

Additionally, concerns about unacceptable behavior, such as cyberbullying and harassment, are prevalent within anonymous settings, as noted in previous research (Sardá et al., 2019; Wangchuk, 2018; Morales, 2023; Zdun, 2023). The absence of identity often emboldens users to engage in aggressive or abusive behavior, knowing that they can evade repercussions. This can create a hostile environment that discourages constructive dialogue and may even harm vulnerable individuals who use these platforms for emotional release or social support. While anonymity offers a protective layer for those discussing sensitive topics, it simultaneously exposes them to risks associated with unregulated and potentially harmful interactions.

Our study found the emergence of a supportive community rallying around these posts, extending help and support to the authors. This observation appears to be tied to the distinct characteristics of Israeli society, which often exhibits tendencies to unite and foster communal living, especially during times of distress or crisis (Hamanaka, 2020). It may also be attributed to the fact that the confession pages surveyed serve relatively homogeneous communities (students at a specific institution; military personnel in the same armed forces). Consequently, our current research underscores how Facebook, via the Confessions page, contributes to the formation of a communal sense by facilitating offers of aid and solidarity, thus undermining a spiral of silence (Laor, 2023).

7. Conclusions

Prior research on confession pages highlighted their core objective of addressing emotional and cognitive needs, and broaching crucial yet challenging topics that are often difficult to discuss openly (Birnholtz et al., 2015; Vickery, 2014; Asenbaum, 2023; Mak et al., 2024).

The present research contributes significantly by exploring confession page characteristics comprehensively. This includes deciphering primary themes, analyzing post content, and categorizing subject matter. As a result, the study reveals new and additional purposes of confession pages. These include the need for anonymous sharing of posts and self-expression, the establishment of support communities, and the provision of entertainment and escape. Particularly noteworthy is their role in addressing issues related to formal settings, relationships, sexuality, and social interactions. The study also sheds light on the importance and underlying motivations of anonymity to contributors and emphasizes the sense of community fostered through writer–reader interactions on the platform. These findings may have practical implications for fields such as sociology, psychology, and communication studies.

Applying Hofstede’s cultural-dimensions framework, the current study suggests that Facebook confession pages operate as low-power-distance spaces: the anonymity afforded by the platform flattens perceived hierarchies and enables users to express themselves openly with reduced fear of sanction. This anonymity also lowers perceived risk and uncertainty, supporting candid disclosure of private matters in order to seek guidance, validation, and practical solutions. Consistent with collectivist orientations, interaction on these pages is marked by communal empathy and assistance, whereby individual problems are addressed through collective resources; interviews likewise indicate routine sharing of experiences and a cathartic sense of relief after disclosure, as well as a perceived “freedom from boredom” through playful engagement. The tone of exchange largely reflects a “feminine” orientation that prioritizes care, sympathy, and normalization aimed at well-being, while also accommodating cynicism and ventilation that coexist with communal help. In terms of content, the prominent topics concern day-to-day frictions with formal institutional frameworks and intimacy, sex and romantic relationships, domains in which anonymity is particularly enabling. Posts and responses are generally short-term and problem-focused, indicating a lower long-term orientation and a preference for immediate coping rather than extended planning; the frequent use of humor and light-hearted banter is consistent with higher indulgence and provides both escapism and relief alongside instrumental support.

In summary, the current research findings reveal that confession pages, like almost every online tool, serve functional needs for both users and society. Confession pages represent an additional product or branch that showcases the functionality of Facebook, specifically, and of social networks in general, within society.

Guided by Hofstede’s framework, the current study suggests that confession pages reflect society-level value preferences that shape interaction on social media. Anonymity equalizes participation and lowers power distance, enabling users to engage as peers within a community space. In this setting, users routinely express feelings and vent concerns, and the prevailing interactional style is “feminine”, emphasizing identification, sympathy, and normalization, while a recurrent layer of humor provides relief and supports constructive, communal exchange.

The Uses and Gratifications theory underscores how society uses various communication tools to meet diverse needs. This study demonstrates the varied needs that confession pages, a new tool emerging on the social network Facebook, address for different individuals, and specifically reveals that the anonymity need is a profound and necessary need.

Future research could expand on this study by conducting comparative studies across cultural contexts to understand the universality or specificity of findings, and longitudinal research to capture changes in confession behavior over time. It could also explore the real-life implications for users, examining the effects on both those posting and those reading confessions, and assess the impact on mental health to determine therapeutic benefits or potential harm. Additionally, investigating the role of moderators could reveal how content regulation shapes online communities, and comparing user behavior across different platforms may help identify platform-specific dynamics or shared patterns in anonymous engagement.