Sources, Channels and Strategies of Disinformation in the 2020 US Election: Social Networks, Traditional Media and Political Candidates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework
2.1. Sources of Disinformation
2.2. Channels for Disinformation
2.3. Strategies of Disinformation
3. Materials and Methods
- Sources of disinformation: social networks, political candidates and traditional media;
- Channels for disinformation: social networks and traditional media;
- Disinformation strategies: praise of the candidate’s virtues based on false data, false claims on the political opponent, dissemination of conspiratorial hoaxes during the electoral process.
4. Results
4.1. Sources of Disinformation
4.2. Channels for Disinformation
4.3. Strategies of Disinformation
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Organization | Area | Ownership |
---|---|---|---|
United States | PolitiFact | Digital | Private |
Snopes | Digital | Private | |
Check Your Fact | Digital | Private | |
Lead Stories | Digital | Private | |
United Kingdom | BBC Reality Check | Broadcasting | Public |
France | AFP Fact Check | Digital | Public |
Les Observateurs de France 24 | Broadcasting | Private | |
Spain | EFE Verifica | Digital | Public |
Maldita.es | Digital | Private | |
Newtral | Digital | Private |
Source | Type |
---|---|
Traditional media | Trusted media |
Untrusted media | |
Public institution | The White House |
Social media users | Identified users |
Anonymous users | |
Political candidates | Republican candidate and his entourage |
Democratic candidate and his entourage |
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Benaissa Pedriza, S. Sources, Channels and Strategies of Disinformation in the 2020 US Election: Social Networks, Traditional Media and Political Candidates. Journal. Media 2021, 2, 605-624. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2040036
Benaissa Pedriza S. Sources, Channels and Strategies of Disinformation in the 2020 US Election: Social Networks, Traditional Media and Political Candidates. Journalism and Media. 2021; 2(4):605-624. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2040036
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenaissa Pedriza, Samia. 2021. "Sources, Channels and Strategies of Disinformation in the 2020 US Election: Social Networks, Traditional Media and Political Candidates" Journalism and Media 2, no. 4: 605-624. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2040036