Abstract
The three Mexican spruces’ distribution is fragmented, which could lead to phenological, morphological and genetic differentiations, partially caused by local adaptation. In this study we examined the effect that climatic variables have on the growth and survival of 5641 Picea seedlings coming from eight seed provenances of three species and produced in identical nursery conditions, as a proxy of the genetic differentiation and adaptation among populations. A cluster analysis revealed: i) significant differences in the genetic quantitative traits among the three Picea species and ii) significant correlations among genetic quantitative traits and climatic factors.
1. Introduction
In Mexico, there are three endemic species of the Picea genus, which live in relict populations and are listed as “Endangered” on the Red List of the IUCN [1]. P. mexicana has only three locations, above 3000 m elevation [2,3], P. martinezii is in four populations between 1800 and 2500 m [4] and P. chihuahuana has been found at 40 sites between 2311 and 2700 m [2,5]. The Mexican spruces’ distributions are fragmented in isolated populations, which could lead to phenological, morphological and genetic differentiations, partially caused by local adaptation to different soil types and climatic variables [6]. Therefore, it is important to identify the main factors responsible for such adaptation, which could be helpful in assisted migration programs, as an option for ex situ conservation. Provenance-progeny trials allow the design of conservation programs for saving genetic resources in the medium and long terms. In our experiment, we studied the genetic and environmental components of the phenotypical variation among trees of different provenances [7]. Specifically, we examined the effect that elevation and bioclimatic variables have on the survival and growth of seedlings of each Picea species’ provenances, in equal nursery conditions, assuming that such a response could be a proxy of the adaptation or the genetic differentiation among populations.
2. Experimental Section
We based our study on eight provenances of the three Mexican spruces, located in four states of Mexico: one provenance is from Chihuahua, one from Durango, one from Coahuila and five from Nuevo Leon. The mean 100-seed weight based on three trees per provenance was measured with a digital weight balance (Velab model No. VE-5000H, Mexico). We established our provenance trial experiment in a nursery in El Salto, municipality of Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, at an elevation of 2590 m, where each seedling was put in one round container of 165 cm3. There, we measured the survival of 5641 seedlings and their growth in diameter (mm) and height (mm), during 12 months. All these seedlings grew in the same climate and soil conditions. On the other hand, values of 14 bioclimatic variables were modeled for each provenance [8].
We used Spearman’s correlation (rs) test [9] to look for potential relationships between mean growth (diameter and height, mm), 100-seed weight (g) and each analyzed bioclimatic variable and elevation from each species and provenance. We used the same test to detect collinearity between climatic variables. The mean growth differences between the three species were tested with the Tukey and Kramer (Nemenyi) test, defining the Tukey distribution using the PMCMR package of the statistical program R [10]. We also applied a Bonferroni correction, with an original α = 0.05 and a corrected α* = 0.003.
3. Results
The Nemenyi test indicated significant differences in diameter x height between the three spruces (Table 1).
Table 1.
Absolute growth and growth differences of seedling Diameter x Height (mm) from Picea chihuahuana, P. mexicana and P. martinezii and their p values tested by Tukey and Kramer (Nemenyi) test with Tukey distribution.
After the Bonferroni correction, we detected significant correlations between the seedling’s genetic proxy (height) and some bioclimatic variables (Figure 1 and Table 2). We did not find any significant correlation between the mean 100-seed weight and the mean growth of the seedlings (rs = 0.78, p = 0.03).
Figure 1.
Linear relationships between mean seedling height and the summer precipitation (jul+aug) (mm) (with Pch-QD) and elevation (m) (without Pch-QD); Pch-QD = Picea chihuahuana - provenance Quebrada de Duran, Pma-AF = P. martinezii – provenance Agua Fría, Pma-AA = P. martinezii – provenance Agua Alardín, Pma-EB = P. martinezii – provenance El Butano, Pma-LE = P. martinezii – provenance La Encantada, Pme-EM = P. mexicana – provenance El Mohinora, Pme-LM = P. mexicana – provenance La Marta, Pme-EC = P. mexicana – provenance El Coahuilón.
Table 2.
Spearman correlations (rs) between mean seedling height and the most significant bioclimatic variables and elevation (var): Smrp = summer precipitation (mm), Smrsprpb = Summer/Spring precipitation balance: (jul+aug)/(apr+may), Elev = elevation (m), Mmax = Mean maximum temperature in the warmest month (centigrade degrees).
4. Discussion
Our results suggest that there are significant quantitative genetic differences among the three analyzed Picea species and that provenance differences are significantly correlated with the elevation, supporting the hypothesis of adaptation to local conditions [6]. However, a proportion of phenotypical plasticity cannot be ruled out because the provenance trial experiment was not reciprocally carried out. In another study, it was reported that precipitation was a moderately good predictor of height growth in Picea mariana [11], while Castellanos-Acuña et al. [12] found that the mean coldest month temperature and an aridity index are strongly related to the genetic adaptation of tree species.
5. Conclusions
Our findings about different effects of climatic variables on the three studied endangered Picea species and their provenances may have important practical implications for ex situ conservation strategies. Moreover, reforestation programs should be more successful if the seedlings of a given species are planted in very similar climatic conditions to those of its provenance, given the strong provenance-elevation (as climate proxy) association [13].
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, C.W.; methodology, C.W.; software, J.M.T.-V.; validation, C.W., J.C.H.-D. and A.C.-P.; formal analysis, J.M.T.-V.; investigation, J.M.T.-V.; resources, E.M.-M.; data curation, J.M.T.-V.; writing—original draft preparation, J.M.T.-V.; writing—review and editing, C.W.; visualization, J.C.H.-D.; supervision, C.W.; project administration, C.W.; funding acquisition, C.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This material is based on work supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología of Mexico (CONACYT) and the Comisión Nacional Forestal (CONAFOR). Moreover, CONACYT provided financial support to José Marcos Torres-Valverde for his master’s studies (CVU No. 1004398).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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