Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Using Aquifer Characteristics in Urambo District, Tabora Region, Tanzania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.2. Climate
2.3. Geology and Hydrogeology
2.4. Data Collection
2.4.1. Execution of Pumping Tests
2.4.2. Water Sample Collection and Measurement of Physico-Chemical Parameters
2.4.3. Lithology and Hydrogeological Cross-Section
2.5. Pumping Test Analysis and Interpretation Methods
2.5.1. Transmissivity Analysis
2.5.2. Specific Capacity
2.6. Charactrizaion of Physical Parameters in the Water Samples
2.7. Lithological Log Analysis and the Development of Cross-Sections
2.8. Integration of Datasets for Assessing Groundwater Potentiality
3. Results
3.1. Physico-Chemical Parameters in the Water Samples
3.2. Pumping Test Results
3.3. Development of Thematic Layers
3.3.1. Geology
3.3.2. Transmissivity
3.3.3. Specific Capacity
3.3.4. Wells Yield
3.3.5. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
3.3.6. Static Water Level
3.4. Lithological Logs
4. Discussion
4.1. Characterization of Groundwater
4.2. Groundwater Occurrence
4.3. Groundwater Flow Direction
4.4. Hydrogeological Cross-Section
4.5. Groundwater Potential Index Map and Validation
5. Conclusions
6. Recommendation
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Meteorological Data
Appendix B. Pumping Test Results as Interpreted by the Cooper and Jacob Method
Appendix C. AHP Weighing Procedures and Results
Appendix D. Hydrogeological Cross-Section
Appendix E. Lithology and Well Design
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Month | PET (mm/Month) | PPT (mm/Month) | TMax (°C) | TMin (°C) | TMean (°C) | Aridity Index | Aridity Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | 212 | 156 | 37 | 15 | 26 | 0.74 | Humid |
February | 213 | 141 | 37 | 14 | 25 | 0.66 | Humid |
March | 210 | 142 | 36 | 15 | 26 | 0.68 | Humid |
April | 198 | 113 | 35 | 15 | 25 | 0.57 | Dry sub-humid |
May | 200 | 25 | 34 | 12 | 23 | 0.12 | Arid |
June | 203 | 7 | 34 | 11 | 22 | 0.03 | Hyper-arid |
July | 205 | 2 | 34 | 10 | 22 | 0.01 | Hyper-arid |
August | 214 | 4 | 36 | 12 | 24 | 0.02 | Hyper-arid |
September | 226 | 11 | 38 | 14 | 26 | 0.05 | Hyper-arid |
October | 223 | 39 | 38 | 16 | 27 | 0.17 | Arid |
November | 218 | 159 | 38 | 16 | 27 | 0.73 | Humid |
December | 204 | 199 | 35 | 14 | 25 | 0.97 | Hyper-humid |
Total | 2525 | 997 | |||||
Average | 210 | 83 | 36 | 14 | 25 | 0.40 | SEMI-ARID |
S/N | Aridity Index (AI) Values (Thornthwaite Method) | Climate Classification |
---|---|---|
1 | AI < 0.05 | Hyper-arid |
2 | 0.05 < AI < 0.2 | Arid |
3 | 0.2 < AI < 0.5 | Semi-arid |
4 | 0.5 < AI < 0.65 | Dry sub-humid |
5 | 0.65 < AI < 0.75 | Humid |
6 | >0.75 | Hyper-humid |
Classification | Description | Range of ‘Y’ of Studied Area |
---|---|---|
Negative extreme anomalies | Less than [mean—(2 * standard deviation)] | <[mean—(2 * standard deviation)] |
Negative anomalies | Between (mean—standard deviation) and [mean—(2 * standard deviation)] | Between (mean—standard deviation) and [mean—(2 * standard deviation)] |
Background anomalies | Between (mean—standard deviation) and (mean + standard deviation) | Between (mean—standard deviation) and (mean + standard deviation) |
Positive anomalies | Between (mean + standard deviation) and mean + (2 * standard deviation | Between (mean + standard deviation) and mean + (2 * standard deviation |
Positive extreme anomalies | Greater than [mean + (2 * standard deviation)] | >[mean + (2 * standard deviation)] |
Magnitude of Transmissivity (m2/Day) | Class | Status | Specific Capacity (m2/Day) | Groundwater Supply Potential |
---|---|---|---|---|
>1000 | I | Very High | >864 | Withdrawals of great regional importance |
100–1000 | II | High | 86.4–864 | Withdrawals of less regional importance |
10–100 | III | Intermediate | 8.64–86.4 | Withdrawal for local water supply (small communities and plants) |
1–10 | IV | Low | 8.64-0.864 | Small withdrawal for local water supply (private consumption) |
0.1–1 | V | Very low | 0.0864–0.864 | Withdrawal for local water supply with limited consumption |
<0.1 | VI | Imperceptible | <0.0864 | Sources of local water supply are limited |
Standard Deviation of Transmissivity Index (Y) | Class of Transmissivity Variation | Status of Transmissivity Variation | Hydrogeological Environment |
---|---|---|---|
<0.2 | a | Insignificant | Homogenous |
0.2–0.4 | b | Small | Slightly heterogeneous |
0.4–0.6 | c | Moderate | Fairly heterogenous |
0.6–0.8 | d | Large | Considerably heterogenous |
0.8–1.0 | e | Very large | Very heterogenous |
>1.0 | f | Extremely large | Extremely heterogenous |
Well | Location | Water Source | Water Quality Parameter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp. | pH | EC | TDS | Turbidity | |||
(°C) | (µS/cm) | (mg/L) | (NTU) | ||||
BH-1 | Masaki | BH | 26.9 | 7.67 | 1393 | 902 | 14.8 |
BH-2 | Katunguru | BH | 30.9 | 7.74 | 1765 | 1142 | 0 |
BH-3 | Itebulanda | BH | 24.8 | 8.2 | 356 | 230 | 0 |
BH-4 | Kalembela | BH | 25.7 | 8.1 | 132 | 85 | 176 |
BH-5 | Izimbili | BH | 27.6 | 8.53 | 132 | 85 | 218 |
BH-6 | Utenge (Mkola) | BH | 27.9 | 8.04 | 439 | 285 | 7.3 |
BH-7 | Kichangani (Ukwanga) | BH | 29 | 7.8 | 88 | 57 | 46.1 |
BH-8 | Usisya | BH | 25.2 | 7.6 | 1765 | 1142 | 0 |
BH-9 | Motomoto | BH | 26.1 | 8.1 | 1022 | 662 | 19.9 |
BH-10 | Extended P/School | BH | 28.9 | 7.74 | 401 | 262 | 0 |
BH-13 | Sipungu | BH | 25 | 7.1 | 590 | 286 | 30 |
BH-12 | Kiloleni | BH | 7.21 | 440 | 286 | 15 | |
BH-14 | Imalamakoye | BH | 6.6 | 62.9 | 2.1 | ||
BH-15 | Kapilula | BH | 6.4 | 60.4 | 3 | ||
BH-16 | Itebulanda P/School | BH | 26.3 | 8.04 | 247 | 162 | 0 |
BH-17 | Itebulanda Dispensary | BH | 24.9 | 7.7 | 917 | 594 | 17.5 |
BH-18 | Nsenda Kanoge | BH | 26.3 | 7.64 | 972 | 627 | 7.3 |
HDW -1 | Masaki | HDW | 25.6 | 7.7 | 491 | 319 | 150 |
HDW -2 | Masaki | HDW | 26.3 | 7.4 | 855 | 553 | 39.2 |
BH-19 | Block | BH | 28.8 | 7.72 | 1552 | 931 | 10.3 |
HDW-3 | Motomoto | HDW | 26.3 | 7.8 | 294 | 191 | 27.5 |
HDW-4 | Motomoto | HDW | 27.1 | 7.73 | 261 | 169 | 26.1 |
HDW-5 | Motomoto | HDW | 27.7 | 7.58 | 228 | 148 | 51.9 |
HDW-6 | Izimbili | HDW | 27 | 8 | 331 | 213 | 23.1 |
HDW-7 | Mwenge | HDW | 28.9 | 7.74 | 401 | 262 | 0 |
BH-20 | Usoke | BH | 27.1 | 6.83 | 523 | 302 | 17 |
BH-21 | Imalamakoye W/Supply | BH | 27 | 7.79 | 3762 | 2445 | 8.3 |
BH-22 | Ukimbizini W/Supply | BH | 27.6 | 7.4 | 2092 | 1359 | 0.5 |
HDW-8 | Kiloleni | HDW | 7.23 | 95.5 | 61.8 | 9 | |
Max. | 30.9 | 8.5 | 3762 | 2445 | 218 | ||
Min. | 24.8 | 6.4 | 60 | 57 | 0 | ||
Stdev | 1.5 | 0.5 | 815 | 533 | 54 | ||
Median | 27 | 7.7 | 439 | 286 | 15 | ||
Mean | 27 | 7.6 | 770 | 527 | 33 | ||
Mean ± STD | 27 ± 1.5 | 7.6 ± 0.5 | 770 ± 815 | 527 ± 533 | 33 ± 54 | ||
WHO (STD) | Nm | 6.5–8.5 | 120 | 750 | 5 | ||
TBS (STD) | Nm | 6.5–9.2 | 1000 | 500 | 5–25 |
BH | SWL (m) | Depth (m) | Yield (m3/d) | Drawdown (m) | Sc (m2/d) | T (m2/d) | Y (m2/d) | Range of ‘Y’ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BH-1 | 3.53 | 150 | 61.3 | 16.66 | 3.68 | 0.7 | 3.87 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-2 | 3.4 | 100 | 12.7 | 44.27 | 0.29 | 0.1 | 3.02 | 2.42–3.12 |
BH-3 | 1.56 | 102 | 108 | 34.97 | 3.09 | 0.6 | 3.80 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-4 | 0.6 | 95 | 44.45 | 38.46 | 1.16 | 0.2 | 3.32 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-5 | 4.28 | 55 | 108 | 12.94 | 8.35 | 1.5 | 4.20 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-6 | 6.34 | 130 | 62.4 | 27.4 | 2.28 | 0.4 | 3.63 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-7 | 1.06 | 27 | 52.8 | 7.38 | 7.15 | 1.3 | 4.14 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-8 | 7.97 | 50 | 24 | 4.47 | 5.37 | 1 | 4.02 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-9 | 2.1 | 83 | 33.48 | 17.25 | 1.94 | 0.4 | 3.63 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-10 | 7.1 | 64 | 31.68 | 21.78 | 1.45 | 0.3 | 3.50 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-11 | 2.2 | 90 | 32.76 | 36.9 | 0.89 | 0.2 | 3.32 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-12 | 1.6 | 85 | 108 | 6.6 | 16.36 | 3 | 4.5 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-13 | 2.35 | 150 | 28.8 | 17.44 | 1.65 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-14 | 1.89 | 132 | 10.08 | 10.27 | 0.98 | 0.18 | 3.28 | 3.12–4.52 |
BH-15 | 6.03 | 77.88 | 11.52 | 8.39 | 1.37 | 0.22 | 3.37 | 3.12–4.52 |
Mean | 20.35 | 0.69 | 3.82 | |||||
Standard Deviation | 0.70 |
Theme | Weight (%) | Class | Class Description | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
SWL | 3.79 | 1 | 0.60–2.23 | 9 |
2 | 2.23–3.24 | 8 | ||
3 | 3.24–4.05 | 7 | ||
4 | 4.05–5.11 | 6 | ||
5 | 5.11–7.97 | 5 | ||
Yield | 12.39 | 1 | 11.6–30.8 | 5 |
2 | 30.8–42.9 | 6 | ||
3 | 42.9–57.3 | 7 | ||
4 | 57.3–77.0 | 8 | ||
5 | 77.0–108.0 | 9 | ||
TDS | 5.58 | 1 | 57.05–344.71 | 5 |
2 | 344.71–539.59 | 6 | ||
3 | 539.59–715.91 | 7 | ||
4 | 715.91–938.62 | 8 | ||
5 | 938.62–2423.38 | 9 | ||
Transmissivity | 34.18 | 1 | 0.1–0.58 | 5 |
2 | 0.58–1.04 | 6 | ||
3 | 1.04–1.64 | 7 | ||
4 | 1.64–2.29 | 8 | ||
5 | 2.29–3.00 | 9 | ||
SC | 13.03 | 1 | 0.29–3.06 | 5 |
2 | 3.06–5.71 | 6 | ||
3 | 5.71–8.99 | 7 | ||
4 | 8.99–12.52 | 8 | ||
5 | 12.52–16.36 | 9 | ||
Geology | 31.03 | 1 | Sands | 9 |
2 | Weathered/fractured gneiss | 7 | ||
3 | Weathered/fractured granite | 8 | ||
4 | Clay | 2 |
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Share and Cite
Yohana, A.R.; Makoba, E.E.; Mussa, K.R.; Mjemah, I.C. Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Using Aquifer Characteristics in Urambo District, Tabora Region, Tanzania. Earth 2023, 4, 776-805. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth4040042
Yohana AR, Makoba EE, Mussa KR, Mjemah IC. Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Using Aquifer Characteristics in Urambo District, Tabora Region, Tanzania. Earth. 2023; 4(4):776-805. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth4040042
Chicago/Turabian StyleYohana, Athuman R., Edikafubeni E. Makoba, Kassim R. Mussa, and Ibrahimu C. Mjemah. 2023. "Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Using Aquifer Characteristics in Urambo District, Tabora Region, Tanzania" Earth 4, no. 4: 776-805. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth4040042