Influence of Infiltrations on the Recharge of the Nkoabang Aquifer Located in the Center Region, Cameroon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geographical Space of the Study
2.2. Climate
2.3. Geomorphology
2.4. Hydrography
2.5. Geology
2.6. Social and Economic Context of the Studied City
2.7. Methodology
- –
- The accessibility and representativeness of water points. The works are chosen according to the existence of a path, giving access to them, and the solicitation of the population for the needs of consumption;
- –
- The spatial distribution in relation to the topography of the top of the slope, mid-slope, and the bottom of the low slope and the border of the marshy zone;
- –
- The agreement of the owners. A structure can only be selected for piezometric measurements if the owners give a favourable opinion on the request.
2.8. Measurement of Static Levels
2.9. Hydrometry
2.10. Laboratory Works
2.10.1. Preparation of the Piezometric Map
2.10.2. Water Balance according to Thornthwaite and Hydrological Balance
3. Results
3.1. Piezometric Data
3.2. Piezometric Maps of the Nkoabang Aquifer
3.3. Results of Thornthwaite Hydrologic and Hydric Balances [38]
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CDE | Cameroonian water company |
DE | flow deficit (mm) |
ETP | potential evapotranspiration (mm) |
ETR | real evapotranspiration (mm) |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
P | precipitations (mm) |
RFU | easily usable reserve (mm) |
He | sheet of water elapsed (mm) |
S | water layer available for total flow (mm) |
SS | dry season |
SP | rainy season |
ΔRFU | easily usable reserve variation (mm) |
WS | water surplus (mm) |
DA | agricultural deficit (mm) |
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Wells and Source. | Z (m) | Hp (m) Dry Season | Hp (m) Rainy Season | Average Hp (m) | Deviation Amplitude (Uncertainty) (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S (source) | 707 | - | - | - | - |
P1 (well) | 718 | 6.9 | 5.4 | 6.15 | 1.5 |
P2 (well) | 723 | 11.4 | 11 | 11.2 | 0.4 |
P3 (well) | 715 | 9 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 0.6 |
P4 (well) | 728 | 18 | 17.5 | 17.75 | 0.5 |
P5 (well) | 726 | 12.3 | 9 | 10.65 | 3.3 |
P6 (well) | 729 | 11 | 10 | 10.5 | 1 |
P7 (well) | 728 | 16 | 15 | 15.5 | 1 |
average | - | 12.09 | 10.9 | 11.49 | 1.19 |
Standard deviation(m) (Uncertainty) | - | 3.84 | 4.11 | 3.94 | - |
Positions | H (m) Dry Season | H (m) Rainy Season | Average H (m) |
---|---|---|---|
S (source) | - | - | |
P1 (well) | 711.1 | 712.6 | 711.85 |
P2 (well) | 711.6 | 712 | 711.8 |
P3 (well) | 706 | 706.6 | 706.3 |
P4 (well) | 710 | 710.5 | 710.25 |
P5 (well) | 713.6 | 717 | 715.3 |
P6 (well) | 718 | 719 | 718.5 |
P7 (well) | 712 | 713 | 712.5 |
average | 711.76 | 712.95 | 712.36 |
Standard deviation (Uncertainty) | 3.63 | 4.09 | 3.83 |
Months | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rain | 18.8 | 51.2 | 138.4 | 186.6 | 207.7 | 157.8 | 73.3 | 95 | 230.6 | 284.2 | 118.8 | 23 | 1586 |
Temp | 24.6 | 25.4 | 25.1 | 24.7 | 24.3 | 23.5 | 22.8 | 23.8 | 23.3 | 23.4 | 23.9 | 24 | 24.1 |
ETP | 102.4 | 112 | 115 | 114 | 108 | 94 | 92 | 85 | 88 | 91 | 102 | 95 | 1107 |
ETR | 46.8 | 51.2 | 115 | 114 | 108 | 94 | 92 | 85 | 88 | 91 | 102 | 95 | 1012 |
RFU | 0 | 0 | 23.4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 81.3 | 84.3 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 28 | 817 |
ΔRFU | −28 | 0 | 23.4 | 76.6 | 0 | 0 | −19 | 3 | 100 | 0 | 0 | −62 | 94 |
DA | 55.8 | 60.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.4 | 0 | 02 | 0 | 134 |
WS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 99.7 | 49.8 | 16.2 | 5 | 117 | 282 | 17 | 0 | 587 |
S | 30 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 102 | 60 | 70 | 106 | 208 | 90 | 30 | 798 |
P-ETP | 83.6 | −61 | 23.4 | 72.6 | 99.7 | 63.8 | −18.7 | 10 | 142.6 | 193.2 | 16.8 | −72 | 387 |
a | −0.82 | −0.54 | 0.2 | 0.64 | 0.92 | 0.68 | −0.2 | 0.11 | 1.62 | 2.12 | 0.16 | −0.8 | 4.15 |
DE | 55.6 | −61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.4 |
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Tagne, M.M.; Simo-Tagne, M.; Nwakuba, N.R.; Effoudou-Priso, E.N.; Ngoupayou, J.R.N.; Mbessa, M.; Tagne, A.T.; Kharchi, R. Influence of Infiltrations on the Recharge of the Nkoabang Aquifer Located in the Center Region, Cameroon. Earth 2023, 4, 23-39. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth4010002
Tagne MM, Simo-Tagne M, Nwakuba NR, Effoudou-Priso EN, Ngoupayou JRN, Mbessa M, Tagne AT, Kharchi R. Influence of Infiltrations on the Recharge of the Nkoabang Aquifer Located in the Center Region, Cameroon. Earth. 2023; 4(1):23-39. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth4010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleTagne, Monique Makuate, Merlin Simo-Tagne, Nnaemeka R. Nwakuba, Estelle Ndome Effoudou-Priso, Jules Rémy Ndam Ngoupayou, Michel Mbessa, Ablain Tagne Tagne, and Razika Kharchi. 2023. "Influence of Infiltrations on the Recharge of the Nkoabang Aquifer Located in the Center Region, Cameroon" Earth 4, no. 1: 23-39. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth4010002