Dynamics of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in the Transportation Sector of Senegal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- climate: hot tropical
- area: 196,722 km2
- population: ~16.5 million inhabitants
- population growth rate: ~2.8%
- GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita (PPA): ~US $3349
- divisions: 14 regions
- capital city: Dakar
- HDI (Human Development Index): 0.51(2017)
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Transportation Sector of Senegal
2.1.1. Roadways Transportation
2.1.2. Airways Transportation
2.1.3. Seaways Transportation
2.1.4. Railways Transportation
2.2. Greenhouse Gases and Transport
2.3. Statistical Data
2.4. Methods for the Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
2.4.1. Energy Consumption in Transportation
2.4.2. Calculation of Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide
3. Results
3.1. Energy Consumption
3.2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fuels | LHV (MJ/kg) | Density (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|
Gasoline | 44.80 | 750 |
Diesel | 42.87 | 840 |
Aviation gasoline | 44.80 | 704 |
Kerosene jet fuel | 40.53 | 794 |
Marine gasoline | 44.80 | 750 |
Fuels | Emission Factors | ||
---|---|---|---|
CO2 (kg/TJ) | CH4 (kg/TJ) | N2O (kg/TJ) | |
Gasoline/road | 69,300 | 33 | 3.2 |
Diesel/road | 74,100 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
Gasoline/water * | 71,000 | 110 | 0.4 |
Jet kerosene/air | 71,500 | 0.5 | 2 |
Substances | Chemical Formula | GWP (Over 100 Years) | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
Carbon dioxide | CO2 | 1 | Combustion processes |
Methane | CH4 | 25 | Landfills, coal mining, wastewater treatment, biomass combustion |
Nitrous oxide | N2O | 298 | Agricultural soils and nitric acid production |
Year | Road | Aviation | Water | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gasoline | Diesel | Kerosene | Gasoline | ||||||
PJ | % | PJ | % | PJ | % | PJ | % | PJ | |
2000 | 2.54 | 9.55 | 12.08 | 45.49 | 10.41 | 39.20 | 1.53 | 5.76 | 26.56 |
2001 | 2.67 | 10.65 | 11.82 | 47.21 | 8.92 | 35.65 | 1.62 | 6.48 | 25.03 |
2002 | 2.89 | 11.70 | 12.99 | 52.51 | 7.17 | 28.98 | 1.68 | 6.81 | 24.73 |
2003 | 3.06 | 10.71 | 14.58 | 51.02 | 9.20 | 32.19 | 1.73 | 6.07 | 28.57 |
2004 | 3.13 | 10.08 | 16.13 | 51.94 | 10.23 | 32.94 | 1.56 | 5.03 | 31.06 |
2005 | 3.07 | 10.10 | 15.50 | 50.95 | 10.45 | 34.33 | 1.40 | 4.62 | 30.43 |
2006 | 2.96 | 9.05 | 17.12 | 52.34 | 11.29 | 34.52 | 1.34 | 4.09 | 32.70 |
2007 | 3.26 | 11.93 | 21.59 | 78.87 | 1.26 | 4.60 | 1.26 | 4.61 | 27.37 |
2008 | 3.19 | 12.71 | 19.63 | 78.32 | 0.99 | 3.94 | 1.26 | 5.04 | 25.06 |
2009 | 3.65 | 13.55 | 21.61 | 80.22 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 1.61 | 5.96 | 26.94 |
2010 | 3.84 | 13.66 | 22.83 | 81.29 | 0.15 | 0.55 | 1.26 | 4.49 | 28.09 |
2011 | 3.92 | 13.06 | 24.36 | 81.24 | 0.45 | 1.49 | 1.26 | 4.21 | 29.99 |
2012 | 3.99 | 13.91 | 23.33 | 81.38 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 1.32 | 4.59 | 28.67 |
2013 | 4.51 | 14.17 | 25.71 | 80.76 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 1.61 | 5.04 | 31.83 |
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Tchanche, B. Dynamics of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in the Transportation Sector of Senegal. Earth 2021, 2, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth2010001
Tchanche B. Dynamics of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in the Transportation Sector of Senegal. Earth. 2021; 2(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleTchanche, Bertrand. 2021. "Dynamics of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in the Transportation Sector of Senegal" Earth 2, no. 1: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth2010001