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Proceeding Paper

Design and Construction of a Mixing Machine in the Process of Manufacturing Coconut Shell Charcoal Briquettes †

by
Dermawan
1,2,
Arfandy
1,2,
Abram Tangkemanda
1,2 and
Ahmad Nurul Muttaqin
1,2,*
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
2
Center for Materials and Manufacturing, State Polytechnic of Ujung Pandang, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 8th Mechanical Engineering, Science and Technology International Conference, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, 11–12 December 2024.
Eng. Proc. 2025, 84(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025084028
Published: 31 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th Mechanical Engineering, Science and Technology International Conference)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Utilizing new and renewable energy sources, particularly coconut shell charcoal briquettes, represents a crucial solution in addressing the limitations of fossil energy sources and combating climate change. The objective of this study is to design, fabricate, and test a mixing machine tailored to the requirements of micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the briquette industry. The target is a minimum output of 100 kg per hour, meeting the quality standards outlined in SNI NO. 01/6235/2000. The composition used consisted of 100% charcoal, 4% adhesive flour, and 25% water. Various testing durations—4 min, 8 min, and 12 min—were employed. Optimal mixing of these components was achieved using a machine measuring 1130 × 750 × 700 mm, rotating at 44.4 rpm, and powered by a 2HP motor. The most effective mixing duration was found to be 12 min, resulting in a total mixed mass of 25.8 kg.

1. Introduction

The decline in fossil energy production, particularly petroleum, combined with the global commitment to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, has driven the government to continuously enhance the role of new and renewable energy sources to ensure energy security and independence [1,2,3]. According to Presidential Regulation No. 79 of 2014 regarding the National Energy Policy, the target for the renewable energy mix is set to be at least 23% by 2025 and 31% by 2050 [4,5]. Indonesia has substantial potential for new and renewable energy sources, which contributes to the achievement of the primary energy mix target.
The dwindling reserves of fossil fuels will have significant economic repercussions. Fossil fuels have become the dominant energy source in meeting current demands. To mitigate the negative impacts associated with fossil fuel use, several alternative solutions are feasible, including the exploration of new fields, optimization of energy efficiency, and development of renewable energy sources [6,7].
Bioenergy is energy derived from biological organisms or organic materials. Generally, bioenergy produces three primary types of energy: biofuels (such as biodiesel and bioethanol), biogas, and solid biomass (such as wood chips, bio-briquettes, and agricultural residues) [8,9]. Bioenergy can manifest in three forms: electricity, transportation fuel, and heat. It is expected that bioenergy will significantly contribute to replacing non-renewable fossil energy sources.
Among the various forms of bioenergy, briquettes stand out as a viable alternative. Biocharcoal briquettes, in particular, hold great potential as an alternative form of solid fuel [10,11,12]. The raw materials required for their production are abundant, making them especially promising for development in remote areas with sparse populations and challenging topography, where access by the government’s fuel distribution fleet may be difficult.
Briquettes, derived from biomass, offer a sustainable alternative to petroleum and other fossil-based energy sources. They can be produced from a variety of materials such as coconut shells, rice husks, charcoal, sawdust, cobs, leaves, and cow dung. While coconuts are primarily valued for their flesh, their shells and belts can be used as fuel in small communities [12].
Charcoal briquettes possess several advantages. When attractively packaged, they have high economic value. Compared to wood charcoal, briquettes provide greater heat, are odorless, emit a natural and fresh aroma, and are both clean and long-lasting.
Coconut shells, used as the material for briquettes, can be harnessed by communities to establish small-scale entrepreneurship, also known as micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) [13,14,15,16]. The government supports and encourages entrepreneurial efforts across various sectors, including services and food, recognizing that entrepreneurship is vital for strengthening the economic resilience of the Indonesian nation.
Coconut shell charcoal briquettes offer numerous benefits compared to conventional solid fuels. The coconut shell charcoal briquette industry in Indonesia, particularly among MSMEs, faces significant challenges regarding production efficiency and product consistency. Traditional mixing methods commonly used in small-scale briquette production have several limitations, including uneven mixing, longer production times, and high dependency on manual labor. These issues directly impact the final product’s quality, often failing to meet the required quality standards, such as the Indonesian National Standard (SNI NO. 01/6235/2000) for wood charcoal briquettes. Furthermore, the lack of automation in the production process reduces productivity, making it challenging to meet larger market demands.
On the other hand, the growing need for sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources has created an opportunity for coconut shell charcoal briquettes to replace fossil fuels. Therefore, there is an urgent need for technological solutions that MSMEs can adopt to increase production capacity, maintain product quality, and improve competitiveness in both domestic and international markets. This study aims to address the limitations of traditional mixing methods by designing, constructing, and testing an automated mixing machine tailored to the specific needs of MSMEs in the coconut shell charcoal briquette industry. The primary objectives are as follows: (1) to achieve consistent mixing quality that aligns with national standards, thus enabling market competitiveness; (2) to ensure a minimum production capacity of 100 kg per hour to enhance production efficiency; and (3) to reduce reliance on manual labor through an automated mechanism that can be operated easily by MSME workers.
As a popular alternative energy source, coconut shell charcoal briquettes must meet quality standards to satisfy market demands. The quality standards for briquette markets in Indonesia are specified in SNI NO. 01/6235/2000, which pertains to Wood Charcoal Briquettes. However, not all briquette industries in Indonesia can reach these standards [17,18]. In Table 1, evaluate the quality of briquettes according to SNI NO. 01/6235/2000 [17,18].
Both traditional and modern methods are used in the production of coconut shell charcoal briquettes. Traditional briquette production involves minimal equipment, such as using a mortar for crushing and relying on sunlight for drying.
In related research, Ravsanzanni, RR. employed a specific tool operation method. Initially, the motor is activated, transmitting rotation and power through the drive pulley on the motor to the reducer pulley, which reduces the motor rotation in a 1:40 ratio. Subsequently, the rotation is transferred to the shaft with a stirrer fin, supported by two bearings. The stirrer fin functions to evenly mix the husk charcoal and glue in a 4:1 ratio. The mixing drum’s volume is known to be 0.694 m3, with a capacity to stir up to 29.22 kg/h. The dynamic components of the charcoal husk briquette mixer machine include designing the stirring fins, shaft, belt, pulley, reducer, and bearings. A 0.18 kW motor with a rotation of 1400 rpm is used. The inner diameter of the fin shaft driving pulley (dp2) is 145 mm, the inner diameter of the reducer driving pulley (dpi) is 65 mm, and with a gearbox transmission ratio of 1:40, the rotation is 35 rpm. The stirring power required for the briquette mixture is 0.014 watts [19,20,2122].
The designed mixer machine caters to the needs of the MSME-scale briquette industry, with a minimum output target of 100 kg/h, meeting the quality standards specified in SNI NO. 01/6235/2000.

2. Methods and Materials

2.1. Design Creation

Once the tool is designed, it is translated into a 3D design using the Fusion 360 (autodesk student license) [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. application to aid the creation process. The tool design is depicted in Figure 1 below.
During the mixing machine assembly process, it is imperative to adhere to the procedures, assemble components based on the provided work drawings, and integrate purchased components sequentially (Figure 2). The assembly stages are as follows:
  • The main frame assembly stage involves components such as the frame and container.
  • The assembly stage involves the extrusion of the unit that has been purchased with components that have been made, such as the stirrer, bearing holder, and output.
  • The drive system assembly stage involves the motor, gearbox, pulley, bearing, and v belt (Figure 3).

2.2. Testing

The test of the mixing machine in producing coconut shell charcoal briquettes was conducted at the Ujung Pandang State Polytechnic campus, specifically in the mechanical workshop of the mechanical engineering department. The material used in this trial was charcoal that had undergone a preliminary crushing process, subsequently becoming coconut shell charcoal powder. This trial aimed to determine the success rate of the mixer machine in blending charcoal with tapioca flour and water.
During the testing process and data collection, several parameters were employed, namely, stirrer rotation at 44.4 rpm, and the stirring times tested were 4 min, 8 min, and 12 min.
The initial step of this trial involved preparing the test materials, consisting of 20 kg of crushed charcoal, 0.8 kg of tapioca flour, and 5 kg of water. The machine was then turned on, and crushed charcoal, tapioca flour, and water were added.
Upon completion of the mixing process, the machine was turned off, and the container was opened. The lever at the bottom of the container was pulled to release the mixture. Subsequently, samples were taken from various positions around the stirrer, including the side, the middle at the top, and the bottom of the stirrer, to assess the uniformity of the stirring process. Figure 4 shows the sampling positions.
In the testing of the mixing machine for the production of coconut shell charcoal briquettes, the aim is to assess the thoroughness of the blending process between the charcoal and binder. The variable selected for comparison is the mixing time within the range of 8 min, 10 min, and 12 min.

3. Results and Discussion

Testing of Mixing Results

The outcomes of the testing of the mixing machine involving coconut shell charcoal and the binder, specifically tapioca clap, for mixing time variables of 4 min, 8 min, and 12 min are as follows (Table 2).
After stirring for 4 min, it is evident that the mixing results were not evenly distributed in several parts, particularly at the bottom, precisely around the axis, where tapioca flour dominated. In the case of stirring for 8 min, the results indicate a relatively even distribution for each sample taken from various parts of the stirrer. However, in the lower-middle part around the shaft, there remains tapioca flour that has not been uniformly mixed. After stirring for 12 min, it is observed that the charcoal and binder were evenly mixed in each sample part of the stirrer.
Figure 5 shows the comparison chart of 4-, 8-, and 12-minute stirring.

4. Conclusions

The optimal composition ratio for achieving compliance with SNI standards in producing coconut shell charcoal briquettes involves using 100% charcoal, 4% binder flour, and 25% water, based on the weight of the charcoal. The mixing machine was tested at intervals of 4, 8, and 12 min. Results showed that a stirring duration of 12 min achieved optimal results, with even distribution of charcoal and binder across different parts of the mixture. This process yields a total mass of 25.8 kg per mixing cycle, and at this rate, the machine can produce approximately 129 kg per hour.
This mixing machine introduces significant design innovations specifically tailored to the needs of MSMEs in small-scale briquette production. Key features include an automatic control system that allows for preset speeds and durations, ensuring that all components (coconut shell charcoal, binder flour, and water) are evenly mixed in less time. The machine’s compact structure and durable materials make it suitable for small production spaces and harsh environments. These innovations combine automated control, optimal mixing speed, and ergonomic design, providing a superior solution compared to traditional manual or semi-manual mixing methods, which typically require more time and often lead to inconsistent mixing results.
With the adoption of this mixing machine, MSMEs can significantly increase production capacity. The machine can mix up to 100 kg per hour, allowing MSMEs to boost daily output without substantially expanding their workforce. This increased efficiency also lowers the production cost per unit, making the final product more competitive in the market. Consistent briquette quality that meets SNI standards further enhances the product’s export potential.
Beyond productivity, the environmental impact of this machine is noteworthy, as coconut shell charcoal briquettes serve as a clean, sustainable alternative to conventional fossil fuels. By improving both the quality and quantity of briquette production, this machine supports Indonesia’s transition to renewable energy sources. Furthermore, MSME adoption of this technology aligns with government efforts to increase renewable energy use and strengthen the local economy by empowering small-scale industries.
The mixing machine designed for coconut shell charcoal briquette production has overall dimensions of 1130 × 750 × 700 mm, operates at a stirring speed of 44.4 rpm, and requires 2 horsepower to function efficiently.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, D.; methodology, D.; validation, A.T.; formal analysis, A.; investigation, A.N.M.; resources, A.N.M.; writing—original draft preparation, A.N.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Original contributions are presented in the study as statistical analysis.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Mixer machine parts.
Figure 1. Mixer machine parts.
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Figure 2. Shows the assembly stages.
Figure 2. Shows the assembly stages.
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Figure 3. Illustrates the mixer machine.
Figure 3. Illustrates the mixer machine.
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Figure 4. Sampling position.
Figure 4. Sampling position.
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Figure 5. Comparison chart of 4-, 8-, and 12-minute stirring.
Figure 5. Comparison chart of 4-, 8-, and 12-minute stirring.
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Table 1. Quality of the briquettes according to SNI NO. 01/6235/2000 [17,18].
Table 1. Quality of the briquettes according to SNI NO. 01/6235/2000 [17,18].
NoParameterSNI Standards
1Water content (%)≤8
2Ash content (%)≤8
3Carbon content (%)≥77
4Calorific value (cal/g)≥5000
5Volatile content (%)≤15
Table 2. Results and graphs of 4-, 8-, and 12-minute stirring.
Table 2. Results and graphs of 4-, 8-, and 12-minute stirring.
4th Minute Stirring
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8th Minute Stirring
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12th Minute Stirring
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MDPI and ACS Style

Dermawan; Arfandy; Tangkemanda, A.; Muttaqin, A.N. Design and Construction of a Mixing Machine in the Process of Manufacturing Coconut Shell Charcoal Briquettes. Eng. Proc. 2025, 84, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025084028

AMA Style

Dermawan, Arfandy, Tangkemanda A, Muttaqin AN. Design and Construction of a Mixing Machine in the Process of Manufacturing Coconut Shell Charcoal Briquettes. Engineering Proceedings. 2025; 84(1):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025084028

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dermawan, Arfandy, Abram Tangkemanda, and Ahmad Nurul Muttaqin. 2025. "Design and Construction of a Mixing Machine in the Process of Manufacturing Coconut Shell Charcoal Briquettes" Engineering Proceedings 84, no. 1: 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025084028

APA Style

Dermawan, Arfandy, Tangkemanda, A., & Muttaqin, A. N. (2025). Design and Construction of a Mixing Machine in the Process of Manufacturing Coconut Shell Charcoal Briquettes. Engineering Proceedings, 84(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025084028

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