Research Trends and Gaps in Road Infrastructure Impacted by Seawater: A Combined Systematic Literature and Bibliometric Review †
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty Engineering, Computer and Design, Nusa Putra University, Sukabumi 43152, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 7th International Global Conference Series on ICT Integration in Technical Education & Smart Society, Aizuwakamatsu City, Japan, 20–26 January 2025.
Eng. Proc. 2025, 107(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025107050
Published: 2 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Global Conference Series on ICT Integration in Technical Education & Smart Society)
Abstract
Seawater impact poses increasing challenges to coastal road infrastructure, creating urgent needs for a comprehensive understanding of current research trends and knowledge gaps to enhance infrastructure resilience and sustainability. This study employs a combined systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis using PRISMA methodology to examine seawater-impacted road infrastructure research from 1952 to 2025. An initial dataset of 185 articles from 150 sources was filtered to 47 articles for detailed analysis, covering research by 481 authors with a 0.95% annual growth rate. Bibliometric analysis revealed significant geographic disparities, with only 13.51% of international collaborations. The United States, China, and Japan emerged as leading contributors, while Norway demonstrated the highest impact with 39.00 citations per article. Eight critical themes were identified in pavement management and infrastructure resilience, showing a shift toward technology-based solutions, including real-time monitoring technologies, sustainable materials, and adaptive management strategies. Despite growing emphasis on technological solutions, significant research gaps persist in understanding road structure–ecosystem interactions and developing comprehensive long-term monitoring methods. The study indicates an urgent need for increased international collaboration and interdisciplinary approaches combining civil engineering with environmental science to effectively address coastal road infrastructure challenges and enhance global sustainability.
1. Introduction
At the moment, coastal areas face new and increasingly complex challenges such as tidal flooding and sea level rise due to climate change [1,2]. The emergence of these phenomena greatly affects road infrastructure, which is an important link in various economic and social activities. Some of the impacts that occur due to this phenomenon are damage to road infrastructure, hampering population mobility and increasing maintenance costs. Many underdeveloped coastal areas experience even more extreme impacts, which are far removed from the expectations of cross-family civil engineering professionals.
The main questions motivating this research are the following: what are the research trends in road infrastructure affected by seawater and how have they evolved over the years, and what are the gaps that have not been filled in the existing scientific literature? In light of these issues, the aim of this research is to identify new research foci that explore issues that have been overlooked in the discipline, particularly those related to technology, sustainability, and international collaboration [3,4].
The research results are expected to contribute to the development of the civil engineering literature while stimulating evidence-based policy development and design of road infrastructure that is adaptive and resilient to the challenges of climate change. In addition, this research is expected to serve as a basis for international collaboration between disciplines to develop sustainable solutions in coastal areas.
Recent bibliometric analysis of research on road infrastructure affected by seawater erosion from 1952 to 2025, with publications dated 23 December 2024, shows the development and depth of research in this area. Of the 185 articles analyzed, they drew on over 481 researchers spread across 150 sources with an annual growth rate of 0.95%. While this figure shows an increase in the literature, the uneven thematic circulation suggests the need for deeper exploration of road interactions with ecosystems, smart materials, and long-term monitoring systems. Figure 1 shows this growth rate.
This study underscores the need for sustainable road infrastructure maintenance, revealing limited global collaboration (13.51% international authors). It highlights challenges from seawater impact—flooding, rising sea levels, and urbanization—causing road damage and higher costs. Using bibliometric analysis and a PRISMA-based SLR (1952–2025), it examines research trends to improve management strategies. The findings aim to guide policymakers and researchers in enhancing global cooperation and sustainable road systems.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Bibliometric Theories
Bibliometric theory, first introduced by Pritchard, is an approach that uses quantitative analysis of publication and citation data to uncover patterns within a particular discipline [5,6]. This method allows researchers to explore the relationships between scholarly works, create knowledge maps, and identify emerging research trends. Bibliometric analysis, as a key method in management and organizational studies, provides an important tool for examining thematic and social relationships in research through techniques such as citation analysis and bibliographic aggregation.
Bibliometric analysis also helps map knowledge structures and identify significant contributions in various fields, such as management and business [7,8] In this context, Donthu, Kumar, and Pattnaik highlight the value of bibliometric analysis in business research, where visual mapping techniques help clarify key topics and relationships between studies, offering a solid foundation for future research [9].
The principles dictating the measurement and analysis of scholarly communication, as defined by bibliometric theory, rest upon denominated assumptions. These assumptions entail that the outcome of publication within a given time period equals the level of activity within the corresponding research domain; the number of citations measures the impact and influence of the work; and the collaborations reflect the sociological structure of the scientific community. Also, bibliometric analysis rests upon the assumption that certain temporal patterns of publication activity unveil the evolution of particular domains of knowledge, while the spatial institutional concentration of research output offers some indication about the distribution, competition, and allocation of intellectual resources globally. This set of assumptions allows the researchers to turn large volumes of bibliographic data into insights about the trends in research activity, the existing knowledge gaps, and the possible future research endeavors [10].
2.2. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) Theory
A systematic literature review (SLR) is a systematic, open, and reproducible method for synthesizing the scientific literature in response to a specific research question [11,12]. Kitchenham and Charters emphasize the importance of SLR in software engineering, specifically as a tool to gather the best evidence to support evidence-based decision-making in this field. The SLR methodology includes rigorous selection steps, applying clear inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure that only relevant, high-quality research is included in the analysis [13,14].
In the field of management, Tranfield et al. developed the SLR methodology to generate more reliable and evidence-based management knowledge. To filter out studies that are most relevant and contribute to existing theories, the method involves a process of systematic review and critical analysis. Furthermore, Tranfield et al. developed this systematic method, which provides tools for researchers to conduct effective and successful literature reviews across all disciplines [15,16].
2.3. PRISMA Method
The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were developed to ensure transparency and clarity in the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses [17,18]. The original PRISMA guidelines by Moher et al. emphasized the importance of presenting SLR results in a clear and accessible manner, along with a reporting checklist to help reviewers prepare a comprehensive report.
The PRISMA 2020 guidelines, updated by Page et al., include significant improvements to address developments in research methodologies [19,20]. These updates include new methods such as natural language processing for literature searches and risk of bias assessment tools. With these improvements, systematic reviews have become more accurate and reliable as a tool for answering complex research questions. In addition, Liberati et al. provide detailed explanations for each component of the PRISMA checklist. These explanations reinforce these guidelines as the standard for evidence-based research in intervention and health services research.
3. Methodology
This research combines a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis to explore research trends and gaps in seawater-impacted road infrastructure, with a focus on sustainable materials and real-time monitoring technologies. Following the PRISMA methodology, this research applied a structured process of data collection, screening, and analysis to ensure transparency, reproducibility, and comprehensiveness, according to the workflow depicted in Figure 2.
Figure 2 illustrates the research process, from initial data collection to final synthesis, with clear steps at each stage, including 185 initial documents filtered using the PRISMA method and 47 final documents for SLR and bibliometric analysis. The selection process was conducted in stages: first, filtering out irrelevant articles based on titles and abstracts resulted in 104 documents, then filtered again to focus on articles within the last 10 years, limiting the data to 48 documents, and finally selecting accessible and downloadable documents, resulting in a final collection of 47 articles. Bibliometric analysis was conducted in three stages, using the initial, interim, and final collections as the basis for the systematic literature review.
4. Discussion and Results
4.1. Analysis Bibliometrik
4.2. Overview of Trend Analysis
The bibliometric analysis results show that the key information found in the Scopus database comes from a total of 185 datasets; 100 and 48 records were found in the first screening, but only 47 documents could be processed with SLR, according to Table 1.
Table 1 shows a significant decrease in the annual growth of seawater-influenced road infrastructure studies from 0.95% in the full data to −8.76% in the filtered data. The average document age decreased from 15.5 years to 5.75 years, indicating a focus on more recent studies. In contrast, international collaboration increased from 13.51% to 20.83%, and the average number of co-authors per paper increased from 2.85 to 3.71. These changes underscore the trend toward more focused, collaborative, and technologically advanced research.
Keyword co-occurrence analysis was performed using VOSviewer 1.6.20 to identify key themes from the phased dataset: 185 initial documents, 100 initial filter documents, and 47 final filter documents. The software calculated the co-occurrence frequency of keywords to show the interconnectedness of topics such as “road pavement”, “seawater”, and “road infrastructure”. The results are visualized as a network, where the size and color of the nodes reflect the frequency and importance of each topic, providing an overview of the thematic structure of seawater-influenced road infrastructure research as shown in Figure 3.
The main themes that emerged in the initial group of 185 papers were “seawater”, “bridges”, “highway management”, and “highway planning,” indicating a research focus on road infrastructure management and road surface systems. The dense network of keywords illustrates the broad scope of research related to various aspects of road management and maintenance. Topics such as “reinforcement” and “compressive strength” also appear frequently, reflecting attention to budget efficiency and decision-making in road development. Figure 4 shows the results of the bibliometric analysis on the first filtered dataset of 100 documents.
Major networks began to emerge in the first set of about 100 filtered documents. Although key terms such as “seawater” are still used, new terms such as “road bridge” and “suppressive force” have emerged, indicating a growing interest in infrastructure risk assessment and advanced technologies. Bibliometric analysis was conducted on the second filtered dataset, which contains 47 documents.
Figure 5 shows the second data set (47 documents), topics like “road bridges” and “highway planning” remained, but “road management” and “stormwater” became more prominent, emphasizing assessment and preventive maintenance. Growing interest in “artificial neural networks” and “optimization” highlights a shift toward technology-based solutions. The analysis indicates a transition from general infrastructure studies to innovative, sustainable approaches integrating technology and ecology to address seawater impacts.
4.2.1. Collaboration Network Analysis
The collaborative network analysis revealed important patterns of collaboration in seawater-impacted road infrastructure research, demonstrating the diversity and focus of research efforts around the world. In this analysis, three datasets (Dataset 185, Dataset 100 and Dataset 47) reinforce the emphasis on collaboration and highlight the strong cooperation between major producing countries, as shown in Figure 6.
Analysis of the collaboration networks from the initial 185 documents shows that China occupies a central position in the global research landscape on seawater-influenced road infrastructure. The country has established extensive and intensive collaborative networks, particularly with the United States, Norway, and Italy. China’s active engagement reflects its role as a center of gravity in the development of science in this area, as well as the importance of transnational cooperation in addressing coastal challenges due to climate change.
As the data were narrowed down to 100 and then 47 documents, the pattern of collaboration showed a shift toward more focused and specialized partnerships. The United States plays a dominant role in the middle set, with significant relationships with China and European countries such as Austria. In the final set, China again features prominently, with more selective but substantial partnerships, particularly with Norway and the United States, reflecting a trend toward strategic collaboration on cutting-edge research in coastal road infrastructure.
4.2.2. Journal Impact Analysis
The journal impact analysis identified influential publications in seawater-impacted road infrastructure research, taking into account both old and new publications. Based on impact measures, the dataset of 185 documents shows the prominence of journals that regularly publish influential research, by measuring the H-index, g-index, m-index, number of citations (TC), number of publications (NP), and the year of first publication of the corresponding journal, which are presented in Table 2.
Table 2 shows Procedia Engineering leading with the highest h-index (3) and citation rate (0.188), followed by Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine and Geotechnical Special Publication, both with strong citation impact and high m-index. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering and Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference also show high m-index values. In the refined dataset (47 papers), newer, specialized journals gain importance, with Table 3 highlighting the top 10 journals in regional sustainability and infrastructure research.
In the 185-paper dataset, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering led with 8 articles, followed by Procedia Engineering and Applied Mechanics and Materials, highlighting their importance in seawater-impacted road research. In the refined dataset (47 papers), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering remained relevant, but journals like Ocean Engineering and Advances in Asian Human–Environmental Research gained prominence, reflecting a shift toward sustainability and regional studies. Table 4 further analyzes country contributions and journal impact through average citations per article.
The U.S. leads with the highest citations (354) and a moderate 23.60 citations per article, while China has more publications but a lower average (9.20). Norway, Italy, and the UK stand out for high impact, with the UK averaging 32.30 citations per article. In the refined dataset (52 papers), Norway leads with 39.00 citations per article, emphasizing its significant contributions despite fewer publications.
4.3. Systematic Literature Review (SLR)
SLR covers articles in research on road infrastructure affected by seawater, providing a comprehensive overview of innovative strategies, technologies, and methods to improve the efficiency, resilience, and sustainability of infrastructure management. The articles are grouped under eight themes that address critical elements of pavement management and infrastructure resilience [23,24].
4.3.1. Research Focus Findings
Research on road infrastructure affected by seawater identifies several key issues, including erosion, structural damage, safety risks, and environmental impacts [25,26]. Erosion due to rising sea levels and waves can damage road structures, increase maintenance requirements and repair costs, and increase the risk of accidents and transportation disruptions. Environmental impacts are also significant, with coastal infrastructure development potentially damaging local ecosystems and reducing biodiversity. A sustainable approach to infrastructure planning is therefore essential to mitigate these negative impacts.
4.3.2. Methodology Findings
Research on road infrastructure affected by seawater shows a trend toward using methods such as modeling and simulation to predict seawater impacts based on structural and environmental data [27,28]. Field measurements are also important for analyzing the physical condition of roads, quantifying damage, and understanding the direct impacts of environmental changes. In addition, the analysis of historical data, including road maintenance records and extreme weather events, helps predict future impacts by studying previous damage trends [29]. These methods provide a comprehensive approach to understanding and addressing the challenges of seawater-influenced road infrastructure and prepare data-driven solutions for future problems.
4.3.3. Concluding Findings
Recent research on road infrastructure impacted by seawater suggests that structural characteristics and environmental factors, such as wildlife crossing structures, proximity to vegetation, and water level management, influence mitigation effectiveness [30]. Long-term monitoring is also important to evaluate the performance of mitigation systems and support the application of sustainable and adaptive methods for specific species. These recommendations emphasize the importance of collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and local communities to improve the effectiveness of road damage mitigation, while maintaining environmental sustainability.
4.3.4. Identified Gaps
Research on road infrastructure affected by seawater needs to address several gaps, such as the lack of studies on the interaction between road structures and local ecosystems, and how materials and structural design can affect resistance to erosion and seawater damage. While methods such as modeling and field measurements have been used, an interdisciplinary approach combining civil engineering and environmental science is still needed to find technical and sustainable solutions. In addition, further research is needed to develop long-term monitoring methods to assess the effectiveness of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures and to support the development of road infrastructure that is more resilient to seawater impacts and more environmentally friendly.
5. Conclusions
In this research study, we saw that even some small changes can enhance the loan approval methods for financial organizations by applying machine learning. Since the work utilizes models such as random forest, Logistic regression, and Generalized Linear model, this produces better results, minimizes bias, and operates with less time. In all of the classifiers, random forest has the highest performance, noted with an accuracy of 96.11 percent. To eliminate the issue of imbalanced data, the SMOTE technique was also applied in this case so that the decision will be more accurate and fairer for predicting loan approval. In the future, other researchers ought to come up with even better approaches, such as neural network approaches, and make the model dynamic by updating it with real-time data. The model can also be made to work good for various situations depending on the size of the number and the size of the data gained.
This study highlights the urgent need for a deeper understanding of research trends and gaps in the field of road infrastructure affected by seawater. This issue has still not received the attention it deserves. This suggests the need for further efforts to draw the attention of researchers, decision-makers, policy-makers, and practitioners to the challenges of road infrastructure due to climate change. Further research is needed to fill the knowledge gaps, particularly in the development of sustainable materials and real-time monitoring technologies that can aid infrastructure rehabilitation and maintenance. The results of this study should therefore encourage stronger international cooperation and the development of more effective policies to address road infrastructure challenges in different countries, thereby improving the sustainability and efficiency of road management systems worldwide. In addition, by understanding these trends and gaps, it is hoped that there will be increased innovation and new approaches in research that can provide practical solutions to road infrastructure problems in coastal areas.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, P.; methodology, P.; software, Z.M.R.; validation, P.; formal analysis, P.; investigation, I.H.; resources, A.R.; data curation, Z.M.R.; writing—original draft preparation, P.; writing—review and editing, I.H.; visualization, Z.M.R.; supervision, P.; project administration, P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
General information on research on flexible pavements submerged in seawater.
Figure 2.
Workflow for Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Road Infrastructure Affected by Seawater.
Figure 2.
Workflow for Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Road Infrastructure Affected by Seawater.
Figure 3.
Shared event network dataset 185.
Figure 4.
Shared event network dataset 100.
Figure 5.
Shared Event Network Dataset 47.
Figure 6.
Collaboration world map, with the red line indicating the trend of the most frequent collaboration networks.
Figure 6.
Collaboration world map, with the red line indicating the trend of the most frequent collaboration networks.
Table 1.
Bibliometric key information analysis.
| Description | Overall | Filtering 1 | Filtering 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Results | Results | Results | |
| Timespan | 1952:2025 | 1985:2025 | 2015:2025 |
| Sources [Journals, Books, etc.] | 150 | 86 | 46 |
| Documents | 185 | 100 | 48 |
| Annual Growth Rate % | 0.95 | −1.12 | −8.76 |
| Document Average Age | 15.5 | 14.4 | 5.75 |
| Average citations per doc | 13.39 | 17.35 | 13.9 |
| References | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| DOCUMENT CONTENTS | |||
| Keywords Plus [ID] | 2065 | 1409 | 766 |
| Author’s Keywords [DE] | 530 | 344 | 207 |
| AUTHORS | |||
| Authors | 481 | 278 | 172 |
| Authors of single-authored docs | 44 | 21 | 5 |
| AUTHORS COLLABORATION | |||
| Single-authored docs | 56 | 26 | 6 |
| Co-Authors per Doc | 2.85 | 2.91 | 3.71 |
| International co-authorships % | 13.51 | 17 | 20.83 |
| DOCUMENT TYPES | |||
| article | 102 | 80 | 38 |
| article article | 7 | 7 | 5 |
Table 2.
Journal Impact dataset: 185 documents.
| Source | h_index | g_index | m_index | TC | NP | PY_start |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedia engineering | 3 | 5 | 0.188 | 113 | 5 | 2010 |
| Aviation space and environmental medicine | 2 | 2 | 0.125 | 17 | 2 | 2010 |
| Geotechnical special publication | 2 | 2 | 0.071 | 25 | 2 | 1998 |
| Journal of hydraulic engineering | 2 | 2 | 0.1 | 91 | 2 | 2006 |
| Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering | 2 | 2 | 0.111 | 16 | 2 | 2008 |
| Lecture notes in civil engineering | 2 | 5 | 0.333 | 32 | 8 | 2020 |
| Ocean engineering | 2 | 4 | 0.125 | 132 | 4 | 2010 |
| Proceedings of the international conference on offshore mechanics and arctic engineering—omae | 2 | 2 | 0.2 | 11 | 2 | 2016 |
| Proceedings of the international offshore and polar engineering conference | 2 | 2 | 0.333 | 9 | 2 | 2020 |
| Science of the total environment | 2 | 2 | 0.095 | 95 | 2 | 2005 |
Table 3.
Journal impact dataset: 47 documents.
| Source | h_index | g_index | m_index | TC | NP | PY_start |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lecture notes in civil engineering | 2 | 2 | 0.333 | 31 | 2 | 2020 |
| Advances in Asian human–environmental research | 1 | 1 | 0.091 | 1 | 1 | 2015 |
| Advances in bridge engineering | 1 | 1 | 0.167 | 8 | 1 | 2020 |
| Alexandria engineering journal | 1 | 1 | 0.125 | 33 | 1 | 2018 |
| American antiquity | 1 | 1 | 0.143 | 58 | 1 | 2019 |
| Arabian journal of geosciences | 1 | 1 | 0.167 | 19 | 1 | 2020 |
| Archives of environmental protection | 1 | 1 | 0.1 | 9 | 1 | 2016 |
| Canadian geotechnical journal | 1 | 1 | 0.125 | 1 | 1 | 2018 |
| Construction and building materials | 1 | 1 | 0.125 | 24 | 1 | 2018 |
| Ecological chemistry and engineering s | 1 | 1 | 0.111 | 14 | 1 | 2017 |
Table 4.
Country contributions and average article citations in research on road infrastructure affected by.
Table 4.
Country contributions and average article citations in research on road infrastructure affected by.
| Article Dataset 185 | Article Dataset 47 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | TC | Average Article Citations | Country | TC | Average Article Citations |
| Usa | 354 | 23.60 | China | 169 | 12.10 |
| China | 203 | 9.20 | Norway | 117 | 39.00 |
| Japan | 178 | 25.40 | Usa | 87 | 17.40 |
| Norway | 149 | 21.30 | United Kingdom | 71 | 35.50 |
| United Kingdom | 97 | 32.30 | Italy | 45 | 22.50 |
| India | 79 | 26.30 | Egypt | 33 | 16.50 |
| Italy | 66 | 22.00 | Germany | 24 | 24.00 |
| Poland | 39 | 13.00 | Poland | 23 | 11.50 |
| Egypt | 33 | 11.00 | India | 19 | 19.00 |
| Canada | 24 | 4.80 | Saudi Arabia | 19 | 19.00 |
| Germany | 24 | 24.00 | Japan | 10 | 5.00 |
| Saudi Arabia | 19 | 19.00 | Nigeria | 8 | 4.00 |
| Sweden | 15 | 15.00 | Turkey | 8 | 4.00 |
| Nigeria | 13 | 4.30 | Canada | 1 | 1.00 |
| France | 9 | 9.00 | Netherlands | 1 | 1.00 |
| Turkey | 8 | 4.00 | |||
| Indonesia | 5 | 1.70 | |||
| Antigua | 3 | 3.00 | |||
| Australia | 1 | 0.30 | |||
| Austria | 1 | 1.00 | |||
| Netherlands | 1 | 1.00 | |||
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MDPI and ACS Style
Paikun; Hani, I.; Ramdan, A.; Ramdhani, Z.M. Research Trends and Gaps in Road Infrastructure Impacted by Seawater: A Combined Systematic Literature and Bibliometric Review. Eng. Proc. 2025, 107, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025107050
AMA Style
Paikun, Hani I, Ramdan A, Ramdhani ZM. Research Trends and Gaps in Road Infrastructure Impacted by Seawater: A Combined Systematic Literature and Bibliometric Review. Engineering Proceedings. 2025; 107(1):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025107050
Chicago/Turabian StylePaikun, Isfa Hani, Asep Ramdan, and Zidan Muhamad Ramdhani. 2025. "Research Trends and Gaps in Road Infrastructure Impacted by Seawater: A Combined Systematic Literature and Bibliometric Review" Engineering Proceedings 107, no. 1: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025107050
APA StylePaikun, Hani, I., Ramdan, A., & Ramdhani, Z. M. (2025). Research Trends and Gaps in Road Infrastructure Impacted by Seawater: A Combined Systematic Literature and Bibliometric Review. Engineering Proceedings, 107(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025107050
