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Article

Analysis of Aceclofenac, Ketorolac, and Sulindac in Human Urine Using the Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography Method

by
Dadan Hermawan
1,*,
Izdiani Mohd Yatim
2,
Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim
2,
Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon
2,3,
Cacu
1,
Asep Riswoko
4 and
Joddy Arya Laksmono
4
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, UNSOED, Purwokerto 53123, Central Java, Indonesia
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
3
Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
4
Research Center for Polymer Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST BJ. Habibie, Puspiptek Building 460, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Banten, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Analytica 2024, 5(3), 431-439; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica5030028
Submission received: 6 August 2024 / Revised: 29 August 2024 / Accepted: 30 August 2024 / Published: 3 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Chromatography)
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Abstract

A method to determine aceclofenac, ketorolac, and sulindac in human urine samples using microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) has been developed in this study. The optimization of MEEKC conditions was carried out by changing the microemulsion compositions including the buffer pH, borate salt concentration, surfactant concentration, co-surfactant concentration, organic modifier concentration, and oil droplet concentration. The optimum separation of selected drugs was obtained with a composition of microemulsion containing 10 mM borate buffer pH 9, 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 6.6% n-butanol, 6.0% acetonitrile, and 0.8% ethyl acetate. Excellent linearity was obtained in the range concentration of 25 to 200 ppm with r2 > 0.999. Limits of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) and limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) were 2.72 to 4.75 and 9.08 to 15.85 ppm, respectively. The solid-phase extraction (SPE) method using C-18 as an adsorbent and the solid phase micro-tip extraction (SPMTE) method using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an adsorbent were used to clean-up and pre-concentrate the urine samples prior to the MEEKC analysis. The best recoveries of the selected drugs in the spiked urine sample were 91 to 103% with RSD of 1.26 to 4.03% (n = 3) using the SPE-MEEKC method.
Keywords: aceclofenac; ketorolac; sulindac; microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography aceclofenac; ketorolac; sulindac; microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hermawan, D.; Mohd Yatim, I.; Wan Ibrahim, W.A.; Abdul Keyon, A.S.; Cacu; Riswoko, A.; Laksmono, J.A. Analysis of Aceclofenac, Ketorolac, and Sulindac in Human Urine Using the Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography Method. Analytica 2024, 5, 431-439. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica5030028

AMA Style

Hermawan D, Mohd Yatim I, Wan Ibrahim WA, Abdul Keyon AS, Cacu, Riswoko A, Laksmono JA. Analysis of Aceclofenac, Ketorolac, and Sulindac in Human Urine Using the Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography Method. Analytica. 2024; 5(3):431-439. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica5030028

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hermawan, Dadan, Izdiani Mohd Yatim, Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim, Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon, Cacu, Asep Riswoko, and Joddy Arya Laksmono. 2024. "Analysis of Aceclofenac, Ketorolac, and Sulindac in Human Urine Using the Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography Method" Analytica 5, no. 3: 431-439. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica5030028

APA Style

Hermawan, D., Mohd Yatim, I., Wan Ibrahim, W. A., Abdul Keyon, A. S., Cacu, Riswoko, A., & Laksmono, J. A. (2024). Analysis of Aceclofenac, Ketorolac, and Sulindac in Human Urine Using the Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography Method. Analytica, 5(3), 431-439. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica5030028

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