Input Selection Drives Molecular Logic Gate Design
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Analytes
2.1. Potential Toxic Metals
2.2. Alkaline and Alkaline Earth Metals
2.3. Anionic Species
2.4. Aminoacids
3. Optical Detection Devices
- Internal (or intramolecular) charge transfer (ICT): An electron-rich donor moiety transfers charge to an electron-deficient acceptor moiety; therefore, the entire process occurs within a single molecule [96].
- Metal–ligand charge transfer (MLCT): Involves the transfer of electronic charge between a metal ion and a ligand, as the d orbitals of the metal atom and the ligand orbitals (p, d, or f, depending on the type of ligand) can overlap. It predominantly occurs in metal complexes [97].
4. Molecular Logic Gates
4.1. General Strategies for Building MLGs
4.2. Strategies for Building MLGs Based on Molecular Architecture
4.3. MLGs Based on EDTA as Input2
4.4. MLGs Based on Sulfides, Halides, Carbonate, and Cyanides as Input2
4.5. MLGs Based on Phosphate and Derivatives as Input2
4.6. MLGs Based on Other Anions as Input2
4.7. MLGs Based on Neutral Molecules as Input2
5. Strategies for MLGs Based on Solvent Effects
Acid-Based Effect in Reversibility
6. Advantages, Limitations, and Challenges of MLGs
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AcO− | Acetate |
ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate |
Arg | Arginine |
ASSURED | Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid/Robust, Equipment free, and Deliverable |
A–D–A | Acceptor–Donor–Acceptor |
ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate |
CHEF | Chelation Enhanced Fluorescence |
cit3− | Citrate |
Cys | Cysteine |
D–A | Donor–Acceptor |
D–A–D | Donor–Acceptor–Donor |
DFT | Density Functional Theory |
DMSO | Dimethyl Sulfoxide |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid |
EPR | Electron Spin Resonance |
ESIPT | Excited State Internal Proton Transfer |
EtOH | Ethanol |
FTIR | Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
GSH | Glutathione |
HCy | Homocysteine |
His | Histidine |
ICT | Internal (or Intramolecular) Charge Transfer |
INH | INHIBIT Molecular Logic Gates |
Ka | Binding Constant |
LG | Logic Gate |
LOD | Limit of detection |
LOQ | Limit of Quantification |
Lys | Lysine |
MeOH | Methanol |
MLCT | Ligand Charge Transfer |
MLG | Molecular Logic Gates |
MS | Mass Spectra |
NMR | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance |
nPrOH | Propan-1-ol |
PET | Photoinduced Electron Transfer |
PA | Picric Acid |
Ppb | Part Per Billion |
PPi | Pyrophosphate |
Ppm | Part Per Million |
QY | Quantum Yield |
RNA | Ribonucleic acid |
TEA | Triethylamine |
TFA | Trifluoroacetic Acid |
THF | Tetrahydrofuran |
Trp | Tryptophan |
λabs | Maximum absorption wavelength |
λem | Maximum emission wavelength |
λmax | Maximum wavelength |
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Logic Gate Truth Table with Single Input | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Input | Output PASS 0 | Output NOT | Output YES | Output PASS 1 | |||||
0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||||
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Logic Gate Truth Table with double input | |||||||||
Input1 | Input2 | AND | NAND | OR | XOR | NOR | XNOR | INHIBIT | IMPLICATION |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Cation | Ka | Log K |
---|---|---|
Mg2+ | 4.9 × 108 | 8.69 |
Ni2+ | 4.2 × 1018 | 18.62 |
Cu2+ | 6.3 × 1018 | 18.80 |
Zn2+ | 3.2 × 1016 | 16.50 |
Hg2+ | 6.3 × 1021 | 21.80 |
Pb2+ | 1.1 × 1018 | 18.04 |
Al3+ | 1.3 × 1016 | 16.13 |
Fe3+ | 1.3 × 1025 | 25.10 |
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Souto, F.T.; Dias, G.G. Input Selection Drives Molecular Logic Gate Design. Analytica 2023, 4, 456-499. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica4040033
Souto FT, Dias GG. Input Selection Drives Molecular Logic Gate Design. Analytica. 2023; 4(4):456-499. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica4040033
Chicago/Turabian StyleSouto, Francielly T., and Gleiston G. Dias. 2023. "Input Selection Drives Molecular Logic Gate Design" Analytica 4, no. 4: 456-499. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica4040033