Factors Influencing Post-Marriage Education and Employment among Bangladeshi Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variables | Total (8041) |
---|---|
Respondent’s current age, mean (SD) | 28.4 (8.4) |
Religion (Islam) | 90.9 (90.3; 91.6) |
Religion (Hinduism) | 8.6 (8.0; 9.2) |
Religion (Buddhism) | 0.3 (0.2; 0.4) |
Religion (Christianity) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.2) |
Owns a mobile telephone (No) | 28.2 (27.3; 29.2) |
Owns a mobile telephone (Yes) | 71.8 (70.8; 72.7) |
Access to electronic media (No) | 25.4 (24.4; 26.3) |
Access to electronic media (Yes) | 74.6 (73.7; 75.6) |
Travel decision maker (Respondent Alone) | 7.9 (7.3; 8.5) |
(Respondent and Husband/Partner) | 64.5 (63.4; 65.5) |
(Husband/Partner Alone) | 18.0 (17.2; 18.9) |
(Other) | 9.7 (9.0; 10.3) |
Parity, mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.3) |
Husband’s highest year of education, mean (SD) | 3.4 (1.8) |
Age difference (0–4) | 21.7 (20.8; 22.6) |
Age difference (5–9) | 43.6 (42.5; 44.7) |
Age difference (10–14) | 25.3 (24.3; 26.3) |
Age difference (>15) | 9.5 (8.8; 10.1) |
Sex of household head (Male) | 85.7 (84.9; 86.5) |
Sex of household head (Female) | 14.3 (13.5; 15.1) |
Number of household members, mean (SD) | 5.4 (2.6) |
Wealth index combined (Poorest) | 11.4 (10.7; 12.1) |
Wealth index combined (Poorer) | 14.7 (13.9; 15.5) |
Wealth index combined (Middle) | 20.1 (19.2; 21.0) |
Wealth index combined (Richer) | 23.0 (22.1; 23.9) |
Wealth index combined (Richest) | 30.8 (29.8; 31.8) |
Source of drinking water (Unimproved) | 12.6 (11.9; 13.3) |
Source of drinking water (Improved) | 87.4 (86.7; 88.1) |
Type of toilet facility (Unimproved) | 29.3 (28.4; 30.3) |
Type of toilet facility (Improved) | 70.7 (69.7; 71.6) |
Division (Barisal) | 12.0 (11.3; 12.7) |
Division (Chittagong) | 13.3 (12.6; 14.1) |
Division (Dhaka) | 15.0 (14.2; 15.8) |
Division (Khulna) | 16.3 (15.5; 17.1) |
Division (Mymensingh) | 9.6 (9.0; 10.2) |
Division (Rajshahi) | 15.1 (14.3; 15.9) |
Division (Rangpur) | 13.0 (12.3; 13.7) |
Division (Sylhet) | 5.7 (5.2; 6.2) |
Type of place of residence (Urban) | 39.1 (38.0; 40.2) |
Type of place of residence (Rural) | 60.9 (59.8; 62.0) |
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Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Respondent’s age | 1.01 [1.00,1.02] | 1.01 [1.00,1.02] | 0.99 [0.98,1.00] | 0.99 [0.98,1.00] |
Religion (Islam) | ||||
Hinduism | 0.84 [0.70,1.01] | 0.81 * [0.67,0.98] | 0.85 [0.70,1.03] | 0.86 [0.70,1.05] |
Buddhism | 0.85 [0.35,2.08] | 0.87 [0.35,2.15] | 0.85 [0.34,2.11] | 1.38 [0.54,3.50] |
Christianity | 2.56 [0.54,12.13] | 2.56 [0.53,12.36] | 2.35 [0.47,11.71] | 2.52 [0.50,12.60] |
Has mobile phone (No) | ||||
Yes | 2.67 *** [2.33,3.07] | 2.43 *** [2.11,2.80] | 1.87 *** [1.62,2.17] | 1.89 *** [1.62,2.19] |
Access to electronic media (No) | ||||
Yes | 1.85 *** [1.61,2.13] | 1.77 *** [1.54,2.05] | 1.18 * [1.01,1.39] | 1.18 * [1.01,1.39] |
Making decision to travel (Respondent Alone) | ||||
Respondent and Husband/Partner | 1.18 [0.96,1.44] | 1.12 [0.91,1.38] | 1.09 [0.88,1.35] | 1.11 [0.89,1.37] |
Husband/Partner Alone | 0.86 [0.68,1.09] | 0.85 [0.67,1.08] | 0.87 [0.68,1.11] | 0.90 [0.70,1.16] |
Other | 1.12 [0.86,1.45] | 1.04 [0.80,1.36] | 0.94 [0.71,1.24] | 1.01 [0.76,1.33] |
Number of children | 0.63 *** [0.60,0.67] | 0.65 *** [0.61,0.68] | 0.68 *** [0.64,0.72] | 0.69 *** [0.65,0.73] |
Husband’s highest year of education | 1.15 *** [1.11,1.18] | 1.11 *** [1.08,1.15] | 1.11 *** [1.08,1.15] | |
Spousal age difference (0–4) | ||||
5–9 | 1.02 [0.88,1.18] | 0.98 [0.84,1.13] | 1.01 [0.87,1.17] | |
10–14 | 1.16 [0.99,1.36] | 1.04 [0.89,1.23] | 1.14 [0.96,1.34] | |
≥15 | 1.08 [0.87,1.34] | 0.97 [0.77,1.20] | 1.09 [0.87,1.37] | |
Household head’s sex (Male) | ||||
Female | 0.96 [0.81,1.13] | 1.00 [0.84,1.18] | ||
Number of household members | 1.01 [0.99,1.03] | 1.02 * [1.00,1.05] | ||
Household wealth index (Lowest) | ||||
Lower | 1.14 [0.85,1.53] | 1.27 [0.95,1.71] | ||
Middle | 1.56 ** [1.18,2.06] | 1.81 *** [1.36,2.41] | ||
Higher | 2.06 *** [1.55,2.73] | 2.41 *** [1.81,3.22] | ||
Highest | 3.54 *** [2.66,4.73] | 4.31 *** [3.18,5.85] | ||
Household water source (Unimproved) | ||||
Improved | 1.13 [0.87,1.48] | 1.05 [0.81,1.36] | ||
Type of toilet facilities (Unimproved) | ||||
Improved | 1.34 ** [1.11,1.62] | 1.36 ** [1.12,1.65] | ||
Division (Barisal) | ||||
Chittagong | 0.29 *** [0.23,0.37] | |||
Dhaka | 0.45 *** [0.36,0.56] | |||
Khulna | 0.60 *** [0.49,0.75] | |||
Mymensingh | 0.80 [0.63,1.01] | |||
Rajshahi | 0.59 *** [0.47,0.73] | |||
Rangpur | 0.85 [0.68,1.06] | |||
Sylhet | 0.45 *** [0.34,0.61] | |||
Residency type (Urban) | ||||
Rural | 0.78 *** [0.68,0.88] |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Respondent’s age | 1.04 *** [1.02,1.05] | 1.03 ** [1.01,1.06] | 1.03 [1.00,1.05] | 1.03 [1.00,1.05] |
Religion (Islam) | ||||
Hinduism | 1.06 [0.72,1.56] | 0.89 [0.58,1.38] | 0.95 [0.61,1.48] | 0.97 [0.62,1.53] |
Buddhism | 2.13 [0.56,8.04] | 1.52 [0.39,5.88] | 1.76 [0.45,6.89] | 2.38 [0.58,9.76] |
Christianity | 1.03 [0.17,6.36] | 0.65 [0.09,4.80] | 0.55 [0.07,4.07] | 0.53 [0.07,3.94] |
Has mobile phone (No) | ||||
Yes | 1.69 *** [1.29,2.20] | 1.62 ** [1.19,2.20] | 1.50 * [1.09,2.07] | 1.47 * [1.06,2.03] |
Access to electronic media (No) | ||||
Yes | 1.19 [0.90,1.58] | 1.22 [0.88,1.68] | 1.06 [0.73,1.53] | 1.07 [0.73,1.56] |
Making decision to travel (Respondent Alone) | ||||
Respondent and Husband/Partner | 0.95 [0.62,1.45] | 0.94 [0.55,1.59] | 0.94 [0.55,1.61] | 0.92 [0.54,1.59] |
Husband/Partner Alone | 0.92 [0.55,1.52] | 0.78 [0.42,1.44] | 0.81 [0.43,1.50] | 0.82 [0.44,1.52] |
Other | 0.49 * [0.26,0.91] | 0.45 * [0.23,0.91] | 0.50 [0.25,1.01] | 0.49 * [0.24,1.00] |
Number of children | 0.94 [0.84,1.04] | 0.91 [0.81,1.03] | 0.95 [0.84,1.08] | 0.95 [0.83,1.08] |
Husband’s highest year of education | 1.02 [0.95,1.10] | 1.03 [0.95,1.11] | 1.03 [0.95,1.11] | |
Spousal age difference (0–4) | ||||
5–9 | 0.80 [0.59,1.08] | 0.81 [0.60,1.10] | 0.84 [0.62,1.14] | |
10–14 | 0.76 [0.51,1.13] | 0.79 [0.53,1.17] | 0.82 [0.55,1.24] | |
≥15 | 0.32 *** [0.18,0.56] | 0.32 *** [0.18,0.56] | 0.33 *** [0.19,0.58] | |
Household head’s sex (Male) | ||||
Female | 1.06 [0.69,1.63] | 1.05 [0.68,1.62] | ||
Number of household members | 0.95 [0.90,1.00] | 0.96 [0.91,1.01] | ||
Household wealth index (Lowest) | ||||
Lower | 1.04 [0.58,1.87] | 1.14 [0.63,2.07] | ||
Middle | 1.17 [0.65,2.13] | 1.22 [0.67,2.25] | ||
Higher | 1.49 [0.83,2.67] | 1.52 [0.82,2.81] | ||
Highest | 1.47 [0.79,2.74] | 1.49 [0.77,2.91] | ||
Household water source (Unimproved) | ||||
Improved | 1.00 [0.59,1.69] | 0.98 [0.58,1.66] | ||
Type of toilet facilities (Unimproved) | ||||
Improved | 1.31 [0.86,2.00] | 1.30 [0.85,2.00] | ||
Division (Barisal) | ||||
Chittagong | 0.53 * [0.30,0.96] | |||
Dhaka | 0.83 [0.48,1.45] | |||
Khulna | 0.65 [0.35,1.20] | |||
Mymensingh | 0.88 [0.49,1.58] | |||
Rajshahi | 0.60 [0.33,1.10] | |||
Rangpur | 0.71 [0.39,1.29] | |||
Sylhet | 0.75 [0.40,1.42] | |||
Residency type (Urban) | ||||
Rural | 0.88 [0.64,1.21] |
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Ghose, B.; Haque, I.; Mamun, A.A. Factors Influencing Post-Marriage Education and Employment among Bangladeshi Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Women 2023, 3, 396-407. https://doi.org/10.3390/women3030030
Ghose B, Haque I, Mamun AA. Factors Influencing Post-Marriage Education and Employment among Bangladeshi Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Women. 2023; 3(3):396-407. https://doi.org/10.3390/women3030030
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhose, Bishwajit, Iftekharul Haque, and Abdullah Al Mamun. 2023. "Factors Influencing Post-Marriage Education and Employment among Bangladeshi Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis" Women 3, no. 3: 396-407. https://doi.org/10.3390/women3030030
APA StyleGhose, B., Haque, I., & Mamun, A. A. (2023). Factors Influencing Post-Marriage Education and Employment among Bangladeshi Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Women, 3(3), 396-407. https://doi.org/10.3390/women3030030