Country-Level Variations in Overweight and Obesity among Reproductive-Aged Women in Sub-Saharan Countries
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Selection and Measurement of Variables
2.2.1. Outcome
2.2.2. Independent Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Age (Grouped) | Residence | Education | Wealth Quintile | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15–24 | 25–34 | 35–49 | Urban | Rural | No Education or Primary | Secondary or Higher | Lowest | Second | Middle | Fourth | Highest | |
Benin | 8.2 | 19.5 | 23.7 | 20.5 | 13.3 | 16.5 | 16.2 | 9.4 | 11.7 | 15.2 | 19.5 | 22.5 |
Burkina Faso | 4.9 | 9 | 11.4 | 16.1 | 5 | 7.1 | 14.4 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 7.4 | 17.1 |
Burundi | 5.1 | 7.4 | 6.3 | 15.8 | 4.6 | 5 | 9.2 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 6.8 | 14.9 |
Cameroon | 18 | 26.6 | 28.2 | 28.7 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 27.5 | 7.3 | 17.4 | 24 | 30.1 | 32 |
Chad | 4.7 | 9.8 | 13.8 | 16.5 | 6.6 | 8.2 | 13.5 | 6.2 | 8 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 17.2 |
Comoros | 15.1 | 32.2 | 31.6 | 27.8 | 22.9 | 26.8 | 22.4 | 17.8 | 22.4 | 23.7 | 26.8 | 29.9 |
Congo | 9.1 | 22.7 | 22.4 | 20.4 | 10.8 | 13.9 | 18.8 | 9.4 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 23.1 | 26.7 |
Congo Democratic Republic | 7.6 | 13.9 | 18 | 18.9 | 8.7 | 11 | 14.2 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 15.2 | 22.6 |
Cote d’Ivoire | 11.4 | 22.6 | 25.9 | 24.1 | 13.7 | 18.3 | 21.6 | 10.4 | 14.2 | 16.1 | 22.7 | 27 |
Eswatini | 23.2 | 34.5 | 27.7 | 28 | 27.3 | 26.5 | 28.1 | 25.6 | 27.5 | 26.5 | 29.4 | 27.5 |
Ethiopia | 3.7 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 15.8 | 3.1 | 4.7 | 12.1 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 14.7 |
Gabon | 15.3 | 30.6 | 33 | 25.9 | 22.1 | 26.2 | 25.1 | 19.8 | 24.4 | 28.2 | 25.2 | 27.3 |
Gambia | 11.8 | 26.6 | 32.3 | 23.9 | 17.2 | 22.8 | 21.5 | 14.7 | 20.7 | 22.1 | 24.2 | 26.2 |
Ghana | 14.4 | 32.7 | 28.4 | 28.2 | 20.7 | 20.3 | 27.5 | 10.8 | 19.1 | 25.5 | 32 | 31.5 |
Guinea | 12.1 | 20.8 | 23.9 | 24 | 14.8 | 17.7 | 20.4 | 9.3 | 16.9 | 15.3 | 22.4 | 25.5 |
Kenya | 14.2 | 27.1 | 28.2 | 28.6 | 18.8 | 20.4 | 25.8 | 10.2 | 16.3 | 21 | 28.6 | 30.7 |
Lesotho | 18.6 | 28.4 | 30.7 | 27.6 | 23.6 | 24.4 | 25.5 | 18.9 | 22.4 | 28 | 24.8 | 28.2 |
Liberia | 13.1 | 28.9 | 34.2 | 27.4 | 19.1 | 23.4 | 25.4 | 17.2 | 18.8 | 25.3 | 27.4 | 29.9 |
Madagascar | 2 | 5.6 | 8.1 | 9.9 | 4 | 3.4 | 8.6 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 11.6 |
Malawi | 8.9 | 18.8 | 20.3 | 23.3 | 13.3 | 13.7 | 19 | 10 | 9.6 | 14 | 17 | 22.9 |
Mali | 11.1 | 21.7 | 25.7 | 24.8 | 16.9 | 18.6 | 20.7 | 11.7 | 15.8 | 14.5 | 23.7 | 26.7 |
Mauritania | 22.1 | 31.8 | 28.8 | 27.8 | 25.9 | 27 | 26.4 | 21.8 | 28.8 | 28.1 | 28.6 | 26.4 |
Mozambique | 7.5 | 14.4 | 16.2 | 18.1 | 9 | 11 | 17.6 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 9.4 | 13.9 | 23.2 |
Namibia | 9.5 | 23.6 | 24.9 | 21.9 | 14.1 | 16.7 | 18.9 | 10.4 | 13.9 | 18.2 | 24.6 | 21 |
Niger | 6.3 | 16.4 | 19.3 | 25.5 | 11.2 | 13.4 | 18.9 | 8.8 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 14.2 | 25.5 |
Nigeria | 9.5 | 21.1 | 24.4 | 21.9 | 14.9 | 14.6 | 21.4 | 7.1 | 12.7 | 16.5 | 23.3 | 26.3 |
Rwanda | 17 | 22 | 23.3 | 28.2 | 18.6 | 20 | 21.5 | 11.6 | 14 | 18.3 | 26.2 | 29.2 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 14.1 | 25.3 | 26.9 | 22.7 | 19.5 | 23 | 18.9 | 16.7 | 17.9 | 22.4 | 25.2 | 23.6 |
Senegal | 8.1 | 17.1 | 25.4 | 20.3 | 10.7 | 15.6 | 15.2 | 10 | 9.9 | 13.4 | 19 | 21.3 |
Sierra Leone | 14 | 22.5 | 24 | 23.7 | 16.2 | 19.4 | 20.2 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 18.3 | 22 | 26.8 |
South Africa | 24.4 | 29 | 25.5 | 26 | 26.8 | 26.1 | 26.3 | 27 | 27.8 | 26.4 | 26.6 | 22.6 |
Tanzania | 11.9 | 21.9 | 23.4 | 23.8 | 15.2 | 17.7 | 20.8 | 10.2 | 12.9 | 15.9 | 21.6 | 25.5 |
Togo | 12.1 | 21.6 | 25.4 | 24.6 | 14.9 | 19.1 | 20 | 8.5 | 14.9 | 18.6 | 23.7 | 25.9 |
Uganda | 12.3 | 18.8 | 20.5 | 21.8 | 14.6 | 14.4 | 20.7 | 6.9 | 10.9 | 15.8 | 19.1 | 24.9 |
Zambia | 10.1 | 18.4 | 22.2 | 21.1 | 11.7 | 14.3 | 18.3 | 7.8 | 10.2 | 13.9 | 20.3 | 23.5 |
Zimbabwe | 14.2 | 26.8 | 28.1 | 26.3 | 19.9 | 20.2 | 23.1 | 15.9 | 18.2 | 21.9 | 25.9 | 26.4 |
Country | Age (Grouped) | Residence | Education | Wealth Quintile | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15–24 | 25–34 | 35–49 | Urban | Rural | No Education or Primary | Secondary or Higher | Lowest | Second | Middle | Fourth | Highest | |
Benin | 1.7 | 10.1 | 18.5 | 14.3 | 5.8 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 2 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 10.6 | 20 |
Burkina Faso | 1 | 3.1 | 5.8 | 8.5 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 8 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 9.5 |
Burundi | 0.3 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 9.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 7 |
Cameroon | 4.7 | 16 | 24.4 | 19 | 6.7 | 10.5 | 16.2 | 1.6 | 5.6 | 13.6 | 17.6 | 23.6 |
Chad | 0.6 | 2.4 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 7.4 |
Comoros | 4.1 | 14.9 | 20.8 | 15.2 | 10 | 14.4 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 9.5 | 14.1 | 11 | 13.6 |
Congo | 2 | 10.7 | 15.8 | 11.2 | 3.7 | 5.5 | 10.2 | 2.2 | 5.6 | 9.4 | 10.3 | 15.2 |
Congo Democratic Republic | 1.5 | 3.8 | 5.7 | 7.1 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 10.2 |
Cote d’Ivoire | 2.2 | 7.9 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 2.8 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 9.9 |
Eswatini | 7.7 | 25 | 47 | 27.6 | 21.6 | 22 | 23.9 | 13.4 | 18.1 | 21.8 | 24.2 | 32.6 |
Ethiopia | 0.4 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 5.6 | 0.3 | 1 | 4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.6 | 4.9 |
Gabon | 6 | 21.2 | 32.2 | 19.6 | 11.8 | 21.1 | 17.8 | 9.5 | 15.4 | 18.4 | 23.5 | 22.7 |
Gambia | 5.4 | 15.3 | 25.9 | 16.5 | 7.8 | 16.5 | 11.9 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 14.4 | 18.4 | 17.6 |
Ghana | 3.3 | 16 | 26.6 | 20.7 | 8.7 | 11.8 | 17.3 | 1.7 | 5.5 | 13.4 | 20.4 | 28.8 |
Guinea | 2.7 | 10.4 | 14 | 14.1 | 4.9 | 7.9 | 10.3 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 6.5 | 12.4 | 15.3 |
Kenya | 2.5 | 11.8 | 17.4 | 14.7 | 7 | 8.7 | 12 | 1.8 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 12.5 | 19.3 |
Lesotho | 6.5 | 23.8 | 34.1 | 22.4 | 18 | 18.2 | 20.5 | 5.9 | 15.8 | 16 | 24.7 | 27.1 |
Liberia | 2.8 | 16.6 | 20.3 | 15.5 | 6.8 | 10.2 | 14.8 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 7.9 | 15.5 | 24.4 |
Madagascar | 0.1 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 3 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 3.6 |
Malawi | 1.6 | 7.4 | 9.4 | 12.9 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 9 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 5.6 | 12.6 |
Mali | 3.8 | 9 | 14.5 | 17.9 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 13.5 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 11.5 | 19.1 |
Mauritania | 12.1 | 30.9 | 43.9 | 34.1 | 19.5 | 25.9 | 29.6 | 13 | 18.6 | 24 | 32.7 | 41.6 |
Mozambique | 1.2 | 4.5 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 1.6 | 3 | 9.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 3 | 12.9 |
Namibia | 3.5 | 14.5 | 24.7 | 18 | 7.6 | 9.9 | 14.3 | 2.3 | 6.1 | 11.6 | 18.3 | 22.6 |
Niger | 1.4 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 12.5 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 11.6 |
Nigeria | 2.1 | 10.4 | 17.5 | 14.5 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 13 | 1.5 | 4.2 | 6.8 | 12.5 | 20 |
Rwanda | 1.9 | 6.9 | 9.5 | 14 | 3.7 | 4.8 | 7.9 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 6.5 | 14.6 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 3.2 | 12.7 | 22.8 | 13 | 10.7 | 13.4 | 10 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 9.2 | 15.8 | 13.8 |
Senegal | 1.8 | 5.5 | 12.5 | 8.6 | 3 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 9.3 |
Sierra Leone | 2.6 | 9 | 13.7 | 12 | 4.7 | 7.8 | 8.6 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 5.8 | 10.2 | 15.1 |
South Africa | 15.4 | 37.5 | 53.4 | 36.7 | 34.5 | 36.6 | 35.8 | 27.4 | 34.4 | 39.2 | 37.2 | 42.8 |
Tanzania | 2.8 | 12 | 17.3 | 17.7 | 5.5 | 9.1 | 13 | 1.7 | 3 | 4.5 | 11.4 | 21.3 |
Togo | 2.4 | 12.3 | 19.6 | 17.8 | 5.2 | 11 | 11.2 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 6.5 | 14.2 | 21.5 |
Uganda | 2.1 | 9.1 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 10.7 | 0.8 | 2 | 4.2 | 7.3 | 16.8 |
Zambia | 2.1 | 7.8 | 11.8 | 10.8 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 8.7 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 9.2 | 13.5 |
Zimbabwe | 3.7 | 13.5 | 23.3 | 20.1 | 7.9 | 8 | 14.2 | 3.4 | 6.3 | 8.8 | 15.1 | 23.3 |
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Owobi, O.U.; Okonji, O.C.; Nzoputam, C.I.; Ekholuenetale, M. Country-Level Variations in Overweight and Obesity among Reproductive-Aged Women in Sub-Saharan Countries. Women 2022, 2, 313-325. https://doi.org/10.3390/women2040029
Owobi OU, Okonji OC, Nzoputam CI, Ekholuenetale M. Country-Level Variations in Overweight and Obesity among Reproductive-Aged Women in Sub-Saharan Countries. Women. 2022; 2(4):313-325. https://doi.org/10.3390/women2040029
Chicago/Turabian StyleOwobi, Olah Uloko, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, and Michael Ekholuenetale. 2022. "Country-Level Variations in Overweight and Obesity among Reproductive-Aged Women in Sub-Saharan Countries" Women 2, no. 4: 313-325. https://doi.org/10.3390/women2040029
APA StyleOwobi, O. U., Okonji, O. C., Nzoputam, C. I., & Ekholuenetale, M. (2022). Country-Level Variations in Overweight and Obesity among Reproductive-Aged Women in Sub-Saharan Countries. Women, 2(4), 313-325. https://doi.org/10.3390/women2040029